Let   be a commutative ring with identity and  be a unitary left -module. The main goal of this work is to introduce and study the idea of a P-essential maximal submodule, which is a generalization for maximal submodules, as a proper submodule  of an -Mod  is called P-essential maximal (shortly Pe-max) if for any P-essential submodule  of a module  with  implies that , where a sub mod  of an -Mod  is called P-essential in , if  such that , implies . An ideal  of a ring  is called P-essential maximal ideal, if for any Pe-ideal  of  such that  implies . And we introduce the concept P-essential local, an -Mod  is called P-essential local module (for short Pe-local), if it has only one Pe-maximal submodule, which is contains

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) act as protective agents for liver health by inhibiting oxidative stress factors, and laser treatment combined with green synthesis enhances their protective properties. In this study, AuNPs were prepared by green synthesis using an aqueous mint leaf extract (5 ml of aqueous mint extract was added to 10 ml of a gold salt solution). After that, the produced AuNPs were exposed to laser pulses from a 532 nm crystal with energy from 500 to 1300 mJ to determine the toxicity of AuNPs exposed and unexposed to laser pulses on hematological and biochemical parameters and liver tissues. 40 Adult male albino rats were divided into four groups: group 1 was control, group 2 was intraperitoneally injected with an aqueous ext

Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon that can be used to reduce weed growth by using crops that have an allopathic effect. Therefore, we have been determined to investigate the impact of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) aqueous extract spraying on wheat, barley, cephalaria, and white mustard plants on chlorophyll content and biological yield in the plastic house from December 30th, 2024, to April 24th, 2025, at Grdarasha Research Field, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences. For the aqueous extracts, five concentrations were used: 0,25,50,75, and 100%, with three replicates and a completely randomized design (CRD) used. Finding significant differences between plant species for all parameters, the aqueous extract at 50 a

Hospital wastewater is believed to be a leading source of antibiotic resistant bacteria, which presents a risk to both the ecosystem and public health. The current study endeavored to isolate and identify Escherichia coli from the wastewater of multiple hospitals in Baghdad City, Iraq, and characterize its antibiotic resistance patterns. The study resulted in identifying, by biochemical means using the VITEK system, a total of 50 E.coli isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility tests for 11 antibiotics were conducted on each isolate via the Kirby–Bauer (KB) disk diffusion method. Overall, all isolates showed considerable resistance to the following antibiotics: erythromycin and clarithromycin (100%), amoxicillin (86%), cefo

This paper aims to introduce a novel univariate probability distribution called the Weibull X-Lindley distribution (W-XLD), designed to be more flexible in modeling data with different patterns. The core idea behind this distribution arose to address some of the limitations of traditional distributions by introducing a form factor to increase flexibility to the proposed distributions. The technique used to construct W-XLD relies on multiplying the survival functions of the X-Lindley and Weibull distributions to find the W-XLD survival function. Based on this, the statistical functions of W-XLD were defined, including the cumulative distribution function (cdf), the probability density function (pdf), and the risk function. The shapes of t

Growing tomatoes is affected by a wide range of environmental conditions, including salt stress. A factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of melatonin and boron in mitigating the adverse effects caused by salinity stress on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and fruit quality. The experiment consisted of applying three levels of melatonin (0, 200, and 400 mg L^-1) and three levels of boron (0, 5, and 10 mg L^-1) to tomato plants. The results demonstrated that melatonin and boron mitigated several damaging effects of salt stress, including a reduction in chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity, lycopene concentration, and reduced sugar levels. Exogenous application of m

This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Tigris River in Baghdad using benthic invertebrate communities as biological indicators A total of 5722 individuals representing 12 taxa were collected including Chironomidae Gammaridae, Thiaridae, Physidae, Lemaneaceae, Nematoda, Tubificidae, Rotifera, Planariidae, and Naididae. Chironomidae was the less abundant group accounting for 27% of the total community followed by Gammarus spp. (25%), while Potamothrix spp. showed the lowest abundance (0.16%). Species richness index (D) values were relatively similar among the studied sites recording 3.25 at S1, 3.30 at S2, 3.16 at S3, and 3.24 at S4 Shannon–Wiener diversity index values ranged from 1.3 to 1.78 wi

In the present study, we propose a new model, identified as the Shanker Rayleigh distribution, which is derived by combining the survival functions of the classical Rayleigh and Shanker distributions, both of which have a scale parameter only. We developed this hybrid model to offer the additional modeling flexibility required for complex lifespans that single-unit distributions cannot accurately represent. Theoretical characteristics of the distribution (probability density function, cumulative distribution function, survival, and hazard rate function) are derived in closed form. In addition, important distributional properties, namely the raw and central moments, moment-generating function, and quantile function, are methodically exami

This study investigates the structural, thermal, and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers doped with a ZnO–CoO binary oxide, synthesized via a controlled electrospinning process at an applied voltage of 16 kV and a flow rate of 0.8 mL/h. FESEM analysis revealed a systematic morphological transition from smooth, uniform fibers to a bead-on-string structure as the dopant concentration increased from 1 wt% to 5 wt%. Moreover, quantitative analysis revealed fine fiber morphologies, with the minimum diameters reaching 17 nm, 23 nm, and 26 nm of different concentration ratios, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of both the pristine and doped nanofibers. The absence of metallic

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of nosocomial infections due to its high drug resistance. From 180 clinical specimens, 50 isolates were obtained from ear swabs, burn wounds, sputum, urine, and wound samples. This study investigated quorum sensing genes (pqsA, pqsB, pqsC, pqsD) and their association with multidrug resistance (MDR). Nineteen isolates (38%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and 31 (62%) were non‑MDR. PCR analysis demonstrated detection rates of 89.5% for pqsA, 94.7% for pqsB, 94.7% for pqsC, and 73.7% for pqsD. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed the highest resistance to colistin (84%) and imipenem (76%), with moderate resistance to ciprofloxacin (32%) an

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), pose a significant threat to global health. An immediate investigation into alternative antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agents is necessary.This study evaluated the antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of Aloe vera saponin extract against multidrug-resistant S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The main objective of the research is to propose saponin, extracted from Aloe vera leaf gel, as an alternative therapeutic agent to antibiotics.After collecting 150 samples, 28 S. aureus and 30 P. aeruginosa isolates were identified. Standard antibiotic tests classif

This paper investigates the bifurcation analysis of a three-species food chain model with a Holling type II functional response, focusing on the effect of fear and additional food on both middle and top predators, respectively, accompanied by the presence of anti-predatory behavior. The system boundedness had been proven, the existence of all the equilibrium under certain conditions examined, the local stability of the system’s equilibrium point demonstrated, and local and Hopf bifurcations have been proved with certain determinations according to specific parameters included in the food chain model. The theoretical results of the system were simulated numerically with phase diagrams to assure local st

Agricultural land cover plays a crucial role in regulating land surface temperature, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as Karbala Governorate, Iraq. This project focuses on the analysis of changes in spatio-temporal agricultural land in the period 2015 to 2025 and determines how the transformation of agricultural land affects land surface temperature (LST) in western Karbala, Iraq. From 2015 to 2025, agricultural lands will increase considerably with the total vegetation area rising from 32.65 km² in 2015 to 152.75 km² in 2025. Additionally, areas with excellent ecological conditions improved from 18.25 km² to 24.57 km², indicating enhanced environmental stability due to agricultural expansion. The LST trends from 2019

Allium cepa extract was used to prepare AgO NPs, NiO NPs, NiO-AgO NCs by plant-mediated synthesis, all characteristics of these nanoparticles and antibacterial properties have been studied. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized nanoparticles. The average crystalline size was 14.75nm, 38nm and 36.4 nm  for AgO NPs, NiO NPs and NiO-AgO NCs respectively. NiO NPs were hexagonal, while AgO NPs were monoclinic phase. The NiO-AgO NCs represents a hybrid structure composed of NiO NPs and AgO NPs phase. EDX analysis verified that all samples contained the elements that were present (O, Ni, and Ag). UV-Vis was used to calculate the AgO, NiO, and NiO-AgO energy gaps are 3.11 eV, 3.08 eV and 3.38 eV  respectivel

This study examines how nuclear symmetry energy and its slope change in pairs of mirror nuclei: ⁴⁰K–⁴⁰Sc, ⁴¹K–⁴¹Ti, ⁴²K–⁴²V, ⁴³K–⁴³Cr, and ⁴⁴K–⁴⁴Mn, using three different Skyrme parameterizations like Msk7, Sk0, and Bsk9. This study looks at how different nuclear properties, like the difference in charge radius, the imbalance between neutrons and protons, and the thickness of the neutron skin, are affected by different symmetry energy constants. The results show that when the symmetry energy goes up, both the thickness of the neutron skin and the difference in charge radius and mirror radius also go up, while the slope parameter changes a lot with nuclear asymmetry. Comparisons among the models

Received: 2026 / 06 / 08
Revision: 2026 / 07 / 12
Accepted: 2026 / 07 / 27
Published: 2026 / 09 / 30

إن اصلاح النظام السياسي يتطلب الاهتمام بإصلاح النظام الانتخابي، فالانتخابات تُقتَرَن بالديمقراطية اقتراناً وشيجاً، وللوقوف على طبيعة الانتخاب والأنظمة الانتخابية تناولنا التطور التاريخي للممارسة الديمقراطية في العراق، ومن ثم أنواع النظم الانتخابية المعتمدة، وصولاً للمقترح الذي تبنيناه في هذا البحث بضرورة تصغير الدوائر الانتخاب

Received: 2026 / 07 / 13
Revision: 2026 / 08 / 11
Accepted: 2026 / 08 / 20
Published: 2026 / 09 / 30

شهدت العلاقات الأمريكية–الإيطالية خلال سبعينيات القرن العشرين اهتمامًا متزايدًا من جانب الولايات المتحدة، انطلاقًا من الأهمية الاستراتيجية لإيطاليا داخل حلف شمال الأطلسي وموقعها في منطقة البحر المتوسط، فضلًا عن التحديات الداخلية التي واجهتها البلاد في ظل تصاعد الأزمات السياسية  والاقتصادية

Received: 2026 / 06 / 30
Revision: 2026 / 07 / 21
Accepted: 2026 / 07 / 27
Published: 2026 / 09 / 30

     تعد الانتفاضة الشعبية السورية عام 1936 محطة مهمة في تأريخ النضال الوطني السوري ضد الانتداب الفرنسي ، حيث برزت فئات مجتمعية متعددة وكان للطلبة الدور المحوري والمؤثر في تحريك الشارع وتعزيز الوعي والنضال الوطني ضد الانتداب الفرنسي .

    اسهم الطلبة وخصوصا في المدن السورية الكبرى ( دمشق ، حلب ، حمص )

Received: 2026 / 05 / 08
Revision: 2026 / 05 / 21
Accepted: 2026 / 06 / 30
Published: 2026 / 09 / 30

تعد مؤسسة الأوقاف من أهم المؤسسات الحضارية التي أسهمت في دعم التعليم واستمراره عبر مختلف مراحل التاريخ الإسلامي، وقد بلغت هذه المؤسسة درجة عالية من التنظيم والتأثير في ظل الدولة العثمانية التي أولت اهتمامًا كبيرًا بالعملية التعليمية بوصفها ركيزة أساسية في بناء الدولة والمجتمع.

Received: 2026 / 06 / 14
Revision: 2026 / 07 / 11
Accepted: 2026 / 07 / 27
Published: 2026 / 09 / 30

كان حزب الإصلاح أحد أبرز الأحزاب الفلسطينية والتي برزت عام 1935، وكان له دور بارز في سير العملية السياسية داخل فلسطين. دخلت فلسطين في مرحلة مصيرية من تاريخها، حيث بدأت تنتشر فيها العديد من الأحزاب السياسي، لذلك وجد رئيس بلدية القدس حسين فخري الخالدي انه من الضروري انشاء حزب سياسي يقوده بنفسه، وكان احدى غايات الحزب ان ت

Received: 2026 / 06 / 09
Revision: 2026 / 06 / 25
Accepted: 2026 / 07 / 12
Published: 2026 / 09 / 30

تتناول هذه الدراسة أزمة نقص الأبنية المدرسية في العراق بعد عام 2003 بوصفها مشكلة بنيوية معقدة نتجت عن تداخل عوامل سياسية واقتصادية وإدارية وديموغرافية، أدت إلى اتساع الفجوة بين أعداد الطلبة والطاقة الاستيعابية للمدارس، وما ترتب على ذلك من انتشار ظواهر الدوام المزدوج والثلاثي والاكتظاظ داخل الصفوف، الأمر الذي انعكس سلبًا على جودة التع

Received: 2026 / 04 / 26
Revision: 2026 / 05 / 21
Accepted: 2026 / 06 / 02
Published: 2026 / 09 / 30

شهد العراق إبّانَ العهد الملكي اهتماماً متزايداً بمشاريع اـلريّ والسيطرة على الفيضانات، بوصفها ضرورة حيوية لاستقرار الـزراعة وحياة السكان. وبرز نهـر ديالى كأحد الروافد المهمة لنهر دجـلة التي عانى حوضه من تقلبات منسوب المياه وتكرار الغمر الزراعي. وفي هذا السياق بادرت الحكومة العراقية إلى التفكير بمشاريع إروائية حديثة للحد من تلك الم

The floristic survey of the Al-Muthana Desert recorded 74 species representing 27 families. Amaranthaceae was the most represented family, followed by Asteraceae and Poaceae, reflecting the prevalence of desert-adapted taxa. Species richness and diversity varied among the studied stations. St5 and St6 each contained 13 species, whereas St8 had the highest richness, with 24 species. The Shannon diversity index (H′) ranged from 2.370 to 2.880, and Pielou's evenness (J) ranged from 0.890 to 0.965. The consistently low dominance values (0.056–0.106) indicated relatively balanced plant communities. St8 exhibited the highest richness, whereas St5 and St6 exhibited the lowest. Euclidean distances indicated substantial differences among station

Mushroom farming has become important globally due to its nutritional, economic and environmental value. The economic threat to productivity and food safety caused by contamination of filamentous microfungi is not effectively dealt with for the long term. This essay presents a useful, thematic synthesis of the kinds of microfungal contaminants, where do these come from, how are they infecting the cultivated edible mushrooms and how they could be controlled sustainably especially post-harvest and integrated management. The authors performed a methodological narrative literature review based on thematic analysis framework using main scientific databases on fungal contaminants, their contamination pathways and respective management methods. Th

Five dominant species of fungi were identified by morphological and molecular methods (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium fimorum , Penicllium digtaum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , Alternaria alternate. our study showed the antifungal effects of lemongrass(Cymbopogon citratus L) and rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis L), essential oils (E.O) against the identified fungi which were determined in vitro conditions. Different concentrations were tested ( 500, 1000.1500) ppm. 1500ppm of lemongrass E.O showed 100% inhibitory effect against the tested fungi, whereas Rosemary (E.O) were less effective at the same concentration. The essential oils of lemongrass showed significant inhibitory effects against Aspergillus niger , Alternaria alternate when compar