The increasing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics has driven the search for alternative antimicrobial agents, such as metal nanoparticles. Copper oxide nanoparticles exhibit strong antibacterial and antibiofilm properties due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and reactive oxygen species generation. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using microorganisms offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach compared to chemical methods. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogenic bacterium, produces pyocyanin, a redox-active pigment with metal-reducing properties, which can facilitate the synthesis of CuO NPs. Pyocyanin acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent, enabling the formation of NPs with enhanced biocompat

Safe water is a crucial resource for the survival and sustenance of life, and its scarcity is a major cause of water-related ailments, particularly in underdeveloped nations.  The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Escherichia coli isolated from the surface waters of the Tigris River and the detection of resistance genes (qnrB, qnrS, parE, and armA) for E. coli. A total of 32 bacterial isolates of E coli were collected for analysis from four distinct sites: S1 Al-Muthana Bridge, S2 Al-Sarrafia Bridge, S3 Al-Senak Bridge, and S4 Al-Jadriyah Bridge. Water samples were collected from November 2023 until July 2024. The isolation of E. coli is perform

     The article studies the integration of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the phylogenetic analysis of scriptinformatics, focusing on the historical evolution of Arabic, Aramaic, and Middle Iranian scripts. By treating scripts as taxa, pattern systems are exploited to delineate evolutionary trajectories, utilizing an optimised feature selection method and neural network architectures fitnet and feedforwardnet. The presented approach leverages publicly accessible genetic sequence datasets and applies comprehensive preprocessing, including a novel feature extraction process, normalisation, and cross-validation, to predict phylogenetic tree lengths. The results indicate a superior performance of the feedforward neural network, pa

In recent years, there has been a significant urbanization of the world, including in Iraq, particularly in Baghdad. This has led to an increase in pollutants and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂). Therefore, it was necessary to find sustainable environmental solutions to reduce these gases, one of which is the biological sequestration of CO₂ using trees. Therefore, this study aimed to calculate CO₂ sequestration from trees using field data and biological methods for the Yamama City residential complex in Baghdad. The results showed that the complex's trees, numbering 3788, contributed to sequestering 197039.2 kg/year. This amount varies between four types (Conocarpus,

Air pollution is considered one of the most dangerous types of pollution because of the problems and risks it causes to living organisms on the surface of the Earth. This paper studied the emission of air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, NO₂, sulfur dioxide, SO₂, and particulate matter PM_2.5) in the city center of Nasiriyah. The data were taken from the European Mediterranean Weather Forecast (ECMWF) during the year (2022). The pollutant roses were plotted, which show the most pollutant source from the northwest direction of the electric power plant in the city and another source from the south (Nasiriyah refinery and Saba oil field). The daily rates of NO₂, SO₂ and PM_2.5 con

In this study, the link between bacterial infection and BCL9 gene methylation was examined, which is crucial to cancer formation. Also, it examined patients' gene methylation levels for stomach ulcers, gastritis [acute and chronic], and duodenal ulcers and cancer risk.  Using MS-RT-PCR, BCL-9 methylation was associated more strongly with clinical variables. Substantial differences in BCL-9 methylation between patients and controls (median 1.368, Interquartile Range [0.912-1.468] vs. 1.001, [0.861-1.211], p<0.05). Interestingly, males had substantially greater BCL-9 methylation levels than females (median 1.186, Interquartile Range [1.139-1.308] vs. 0.986, Interquartile Range [0.875-1.150], p<0.05). A sig

     This work concerns with the study of the continuous classical quaternary boundary optimal control problem or, for brief quaternary boundary optimal control problem (QBOCP) controlling by quaternary nonlinear hyperbolic system (QNLHS).  The theorem for existence a unique quaternary state vector solution (QSVS) for the weak formulation (WFO) of the QNLHS is proved in an infinite dimensional space via the method of Galerkin, and the help of the Aubin’s Theorem with given a continuous boundary control quaternary vector (CBCQV). The continuity of the operator of Lipschitz between the quaternary state vector and the conforming quaternary boundary control vector is demonstrated. The existence theorem of a continuous boundary optimal

     The increase in the amount of biometric data in databases has caused problems for efficient data retrieval and management. Biometric databases face challenges primarily due to the high dimensional nature of biometric features, such as fingerprints, facial recognition data, and iris scans, leading to time consumption in retrieval and matching as well as computationally intensive, and inefficiencies that can hinder real-time applications, especially when using multiple biometric traits. To address these issues, this paper presents a mechanism for searching three-dimensional biometric databases based on inverted files specifically tailored to handle biometric data. As well as designing a 3D database to store data. This method was a

This study was Conceived to choose an appropriate isolate of Lactobacillus sp. To use it as a probiotic in chewing gum for the Prophylaxis of gingivitis. Due to the above reason, 20 Lactobacillus isolates were collected from various sources and then primarily enrolled in a screening program to assess their activities of antagonism against two oral pathogens, Streptococcus pluranimalium and Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty Lactobacillus isolates were selected from the initial screening based on their efficacy to suppress the growth of the two chosen indicators which was then followed by another step of secondary screening to detect their production of the high amount of bacteriocin and their effec

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) may be in a position to interact hydrophobically with the spike glycoprotein or its epitopes of SARS-CoV-2, which, in addition to the neuroinvasive capability it possesses, triggers hyperactivation of the Program Death Ligand1.  A case-control study (67 COVID-19 patients and 23 healthy controls) was conducted to detect the role of soluble Program Death-Ligand1 (sPDL-1). The sPD-L1 serum concentrations were measured with an ELISA kit, while the SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined earlier via a real-time PCR evaluation kit. The findings demonstrated that median sPD-L1 levels in patients were substantially more significant compared to healthy controls (1349 vs. 737.8 pg/ml; p < 0.

Lung cancer is the largest cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, constituting 18.4% of all cancer deaths, hence causing considerable economic and societal repercussions. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first recognized human oncogenic virus capable of establishing asymptomatic, lifelong persistence. The KRAS gene, a member of the Rat sarcoma oncogene family, accounts for 85% of RAS mutations identified in human cancers and is present in 35% of lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs). This work examines the relationship between EBV IgG seropositivity, KRAS mutation-related immunogenicity, and the genetic polymorphism rs121913238, emphasizing their collective influence on oncogenic signaling, immune evasion, and modifications in the tumor

Vitiligo is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by the progressive loss of melanocytes, driven by a combination of genetic predisposition and immune dysfunction. This study explores the interaction between bacterial infections and immune activation in burn patients with vitiligo. Blood samples from 45 vitiligo patients and 45 burn patients were analyzed for HLA-class I and miRNA-9 expression using two-step qPCR, key regulators of immune response and melanocyte activity. Swabs from burn patients' skin ulcers were cultured to assess bacterial involvement in immune dysregulation. Results revealed significant immune imbalance, with HLA-class I overexpressed (fold change 29.98) and miRNA-9 downregulated (fold change

In the coming decade, a substantial rise in energy consumption within the buildings sector is predicted to lead to a 30% increase in greenhouse gas emissions. The choice of materials for building envelopes significantly influences the overall energy demand of HVAC systems, which contribute significantly to electricity usage. To enhance compatibility between grey clay and straw, a suggested approach involves using a composite material comprising rice water and grey clay, enriched with a high proportion of rice straw and soaked in rice water. This environmentally friendly technique yields a green construction material capable of reducing energy consumption in HVAC systems by up to 35.6% over a 24-h period. The potential energy savings of this

This numerical study explores dynamic melting as an enhancement strategy to improve heat transfer in thermal energy storage (TES) systems utilizing phase change materials (PCM) with openings. Optimizing such systems is crucial for advancing renewable energy storage and integration. A 3D model simulates RT35 PCM flowing through a shell-and-tube heat exchanger annulus. The effects of varying PCM inlet slot diameter (2.5–7.5 mm), inlet pressure (1–40 Pa), and inlet/outlet port positioning on melting fraction and temperature distributions are computationally evaluated. Results show that increasing slot diameter from 2.5 mm to 7.5 mm reduces melting time by 13.6 % (from 550 to 475 min). Raising inlet pressure from 10 Pa to 40 Pa cuts melting

Despite their potential as a sustainable energy technology, the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in sub-freezing conditions remains a critical challenge due to the risk of ice formation and performance degradation. This study introduces a new passive thermal management technique using strategically arranged multi-layer phase change materials (PCMs) to address this challenge. A numerical model was developed to evaluate the thermal behavior across various PCM configurations, incorporating one, two, and three layers arranged both in parallel and series with distinct melting points ranging from 55 to 65 ◦C. The results show that multi-layer PCM configurations provide significant improvements over the single-layer base

Arid and semi-arid climates are critical for water security in sustainable river systems. The Euphrates River in western Iraq has been increasingly stressed by both geogenic and anthropogenic factors. This study analyzed hydro-geochemical processes, recharge dynamics, and groundwater flow modeling in western Iraq. Additionally, stable isotope tracing (δ¹⁸O, Cl⁻) integrated with hydro-chemical parameters was used to assess water quality and river-aquifer connectivity in both Syria and western Iraq. A total of 144 groundwater samples were collected annually across 12 stations in western Iraq. Surface water and groundwater data were collected from previous studies at 13 stations in Syria. Results revealed slightly alkaline freshwater con

Karst aquifers in semi-arid regions are vital yet exceptionally vulnerable lifelines. This study investigates how tectonic, geomorphological, and climatic factors control the dynamics of karst springs in the El Menzel Causse (Middle Atlas, Morocco). Using an integrated approach that combines field investigations, remote sensing, and quantitative hydro-climatic analysis, we identify the mechanisms driving the system’s severe decline. Results indicated that the structural architecture of the major fault systems in the North Middle Atlas Fault (NMAF) and the Median Middle Atlas Fault (MMAF), governs the spatial distribution of more than 50 springs, which occur preferentially within highly permeable fault damage zones. However, the aquifer is

This work is to examine the employment of curved fins to boost heat recovery in a double-pipe containment system filled with phase change material (PCM). The study utilizes CFD modeling, validated against experimental benchmarks, to evaluate how various geometric parameters of curved fins affect system performance. Findings demonstrate that adjusting the fin angular curvature from 60◦ to 180◦ yielded a 22.1 % decrease in the time required for solidification while simultaneously improving heat recovery efficiency by 32.0 %. When the fin base spacing was increased from 5 mm to 15 mm, the system showed a 14.5 % solidification time saving and a 20.9 % heat recovery improvement. Furthermore, modifying the joining angle between upper fins fro

The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and their increasing numbers have caused a tremendous increase in network traffic and a wider range of cyber-attacks. This growing trend has complicated the detection process for traditional intrusion detection systems and heightened the challenges faced by these devices, such as imbalanced and large training data. This study presents a cohesive methodology of a series of intelligent techniques to prepare clean and balanced data for training the first (core) layer of a robust hierarchical intrusion detection system. The methodology was built by cleaning and compressing the data using an Autoencoder and preparing a strong latent space for balancing using a hybrid method that combines

When dye is present in wastewater, it is considered a hazardous organic pollutant and must be eliminated. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the elimination of Malachite green (MG) and Methyl violet (MV) dyes using Ni foam (NiF) as an anode, along with stainless steel mesh electrodes as cathodes, and alum sludge (AS) as a third particle electrode in a three-dimensional electrocoagulation-flotation system (3DECF). With an electrolysis period of 30 minutes and pH = 7, response surface method was used to estimate the optimum conditions of studied parameters. These parameters were current density within the range of 1–5 mA/cm², concentration of NaCl within the range of 0.4 –1 g/L, and air flow rate within a range of 1–5 L/min.

   Due to their recalcitrant characteristics, Azo dyes such as methyl orange (MO) are extremely poisonous substances, making their removal from textile industry wastewater a major problem. By employing various EC-Adsorption combined system configurations and reusing alum sludge as an adsorbent, the current study seeks to investigate the efficiency of these various systems in removing MO dye. To estimate their benefits and limitations, experiments were carried out utilizing nickel foam (NiF) and aluminum plate (Al plate) as anodes, and stainless-steel mesh (SS mesh) as cathode in the presence of alum sludge as an adsorbent in all systems. The EC-Adsorption combined system with NiF as anode and two SS meshes as cathodes with 10 g/L