In petroleum industry, there are two major operations that can potentially impact the environment: Drilling and production. Both activities generate a significant volume of wastes include drill cuttings contaminated with hydrocarbons, wide variety of chemical additives, produced water and air pollutants. The potential impact depends primarily on the material, its concentration after release, and the biotic community that is exposed.
In this study, many drilling locations and production facilities have been investigated and examined for their adverse effects on the environment. Contamination with hydrocarbons, heavy metals, salts, other associated wastes and air pollution were detected at many sits.
Understanding of drilling and pro

3D seismic reflection structural study of (250) km² of Balad Oil field located in central part of Iraq within Salah Al-din province (Balad area) was carried out.
Faults were picked using instantaneous phase attribute of seismic sections and variance attribute of seismic time slices across 3D seismic volume.
A Listric growth normal fault is affecting the succession of Cretaceous Formation and cut by strike slip fault. In addition, minor normal faults (Dendritic and tension faults) are developed on the listric normal growth fault. As a result, a major graben is separated by Strike slip fault into two parts (north and south parts) and trend in NW-SE direction.

Data of multispectral satellite image (Landsat- 5 and Landsat-7) was used to monitoring the case of study area in the agricultural (extension and plant density), using ArcGIS program by the method of analysis (Soil adjusted vegetative Index). The data covers the selected area at west of Baghdad Government with a part of the Anbar and Karbala Government. Satellite image taken during the years 1990, 2001 and 2007. The scene of Satellite Image is consists of seven of spectral band for each satellite, Landsat-5(TM) thematic mapper for the year 1990, as well as satellite Landsat-7 (ETM+) Enhancement thematic mapper for the year 2001 and 2007. The results showed that in the period from 1990 to 2001 decreased land area exposed (bare) and increa

Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) onboard the Landsat-7 remotely sensor satellite was launched on 15 April 1999. On May 31, 2003, image acquisition via the ETM+ was greatly impacted by the failure of the system’s Scan Line Corrector (SLC). Consequently, the ETM+ has lost approximately 22% of the data due to the increased scan gap. In this work, several gap-filling methods will be proposed to restore the ETM+ image malfunctions. Some of the proposed methods will be carried by estimating the missed pixel’s values from the same image pixel’s neighborhood, while others will utilize the pixel values extracted from different temporal scene acquired in different time. Mean average filter, median filter, midpoint filter, and several int

Improved environmental protection requires better education and training of regulations which manage different available activities in petroleum operations.
Data from industry is very important to ensure that the existing or suggested regulations are based on accurate scientific information and that they contribute to best environmental protection without adding useless restrictions to this industry.
This research deals with an overview of major environmental regulations and issues facing the petroleum industry.
Many issues which regulate drilling and production activities that may pollute surface water, clean up of existing hazardous waste sites, storage and management of various chemicals and other important aspects are listed

Most of the world's drilling companies use API method for calculating the
pressure drop in drilling oil and gas wells. Iraqi Drilling Company also uses this
method for drilling oil wells in all fields of Iraq. In Russia, the method is actively
used Grodde for calculating the pressure drop in drilling oil and gas wells. This
study includes a comparison of formulas API, Grodde and new techniques
developed methods for the laminar flow of viscoplastic fluids in the annular space.
The aim of this study is to determine the most accurate way to calculate the pressure
loss in drilling oil wells. The comparison was focused on identifying changes in the
values of β, using the above calculation methods.

يعد مصطلح "القراءة" من المصطلحات الأساسية في النقد الحديث والمعاصر، وقد حظي بعناية فائقة من لدن الباحثين في شتى الحقول المعرفية، وذلك بالنظر إلى أهميته ونجاعته. وبالنسبة لهذا المصطلح فقد تعامل معه النقاد تعاملا خاصا بحيث وضعوه في مكان الصدارة.

ويهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن هذا المصطلح في أعمال باحث نشيط هو عبد الملك مرتاض الذي استطاع من خلال أبحاثه العلمية أن يجعل اسمه واحدا من الأسماء الفاعلة في النقد ال

B-Cell lymphoma 3 is a putative proto-oncogene that involved in central oncogenic pathways that regulate cell death, apoptosis and metastatic of tumor cells so it could be important as a target to validation as a diagnostic or prognostic marker in these tumors. This study revealed positive expression of Bcl3 in (76.6%) of 47 cases infiltrating ductal carcinoma and (61.7%) of positive were strong positive. These results showed no significant association of immunohistochemical expression of Bcl3 with clinicopathological features as well no relation with immunohistochemical expressions of estrogen rreceptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu).

Gas coning is one of the most serious problems in oil wells. Gas will reach the perforations and be produced with oil. Anyhow there is a certain production rate called critical production rate. The daily production rate should not exceed the critical production rate. In this research ten oil wells have been tested for problem of gas coning for a period of time of eighteen months. The production rates of these Ten oil wells are tabulated in a table exist in this research.
These production rates are considered as critical production rate because no gas coning has been observed in these wells. The critical production rates of these wells don't concide with those obtained from (Meyer, Gardiner, Pirson) method and also they don’t concide

Production logging is used to diagnose well production problems by evaluating the flow profile, entries of unwanted fluids and downhole flow regimes. Evaluating wells production performance can be easily induce from production logs through interpretation of production log data to provide velocity profile and contribution of each zone on total production. Production logging results supply information for reservoir modeling, provide data to optimize the productivity of existing wells and plan drilling and completion strategies for future wells. Production logging was carried out in a production oil well from Mishrif formation of West Qurna field, with the objective to determine the flow profile and fluid contributions from the perforations

The concept of the optical telescope is the primary mirror design, the Next Generation Segmented Optical Telescope (NGST) with hexagonal segment of spherical primary mirror can provide a 3 arc minutes field of view. Extremely Large Telescopes (ELT) in the 100m dimension would have such unprecedented scientific effectiveness that their construction would constitute a milestone comparable to that of the invention of the telescope itself and provide a truly revolutionary insight into the universe. The scientific case and the conceptual feasibility of giant filled aperture telescopes was our interested. Investigating the requirements of these imply for possible technical options in the case of a 100m telescope. For this telescope the conside

To study the striking perturbations of ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) before, during, and after the earthquake (M≥5) for earlier prediction to avoid calamities, ionospheric TEC data are taken by using red shift technique from two-frequencies GPS signals.. Tohoku earthquake on 11th March 2011 is chosen as case of our study (A magnitude M9.0 earthquake reported by the US Geological Survey gives its origin time at 05:46:23 UTC; the epicenter was located at 38.322oN, 142.369oE of the east coast of Honshu). The study was made 15 days before and 15 days after earthquake occurred over Japan at four different geographic positions, Kokubunji (35.7oN, 139.5oE), Wakkanai (45.2oN, 141.8oE), Yamagawa (31.2oN, 130.6oE) and Okinawa (26.7oN,

Seventeen core samples were taken from Luhais and Tuba oil wells according to the presence of oil bearing formations. These wells were located in the province of Basra/southern Iraq. The formation that the samples are collected from Zubair and Mishrif formations. The core samples were taken from the wells at different depths. In the current study the ultrasonic technique was conducted to measure (Vp and Vs) as well as to determine some petrophysical properties for core samples and some elastic moduli such as (Young's modulus, Bulk modulus, Shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and Lame's constant) depending on the values of Vp and Vs as well as density. The relationships between seismic wave velocities with elastic moduli and petrophysical prop

Three hospitals were chosen(Maternity hospital, Raperin hospital and Rhizgari hospital) for the present survey within Erbil city. Water samples were collected at regular monthly interval periods beginning in January 2012 to December 2012. pH of all the studied sites were found to be up 7. Electrical conductivity ranged from (1318-1790 μs.cm-1 in Maternity Hospital, 1770-2232 μs.cm-1 in Raperin Hospital, 1010-1615 μs.cm-1 in Rhizgari Hospital). BOD5 and COD values ranged from 22- 80 mg.L1 and 280- 1410 mg.L-1 respectively, this indicated a high pollution situation in the studied sites in respect to organic matter content. The quantitative analysis of counted microorganisms was more than that describe by WHO guidelines standard.

In the current research work, a method to reduce the color levels of the pixels within digital images was proposed. The recent strategy was based on self organization map neural network method (SOM). The efficiency of recent method was compared with the well known logarithmic methods like Floyd-Steinberg (Halftone) dithering and Octtrees (Quadtrees) methods. Experimental results have shown that by adjusting the sampling factor can produce higher-quality images with no much longer run times, or some better quality with shorter running times than existing methods. This observation refutes the repeated neural networks is necessarily slow but have best results. The generated quantization map can be exploited for color image compression, clas

Sodium Dodecyle Sulphate (CH3(CH2)11SO4-Na+) solution was used as a secondary oil recovery by using a lab Model shown in figure-1. The effect of (solution concentration, temperature and salinity) on interfacial tension figure-2 and figure-3 and figure-4 respectively. The best values of these three variables, were taken (those values that give the lowest interfacial tension). Porosity, saturation, permeability were determined in the lab depending on Darcy law. Primary oil recovery was displaced by water until no more oil is obtained then sodium dodecyle sulphate solution was injected. The total oil recovery was 94.8% or 85.7% of the residual oil (secondary oil recovery) figure-5. This method was applied on Iraqi oil field and it gave resu

Our active aim in this paper is to prove the following Let Ŕ be a ring having an
idempotent element e(e  0,e 1) . Suppose that R is a subring of Ŕ which
satisfies:
(i) eR  R and Re  R .
(ii) xR  0 implies x  0 .
(iii ) eRx  0 implies x  0( and hence Rx  0 implies x  0) .
(iv) exeR(1 e)  0 implies exe  0 .
If D is a derivable map of R satisfying D(R )  R ;i, j 1,2. ij ij Then D is
additive. This extend Daif's result to the case R need not contain any non-zero
idempotent element.

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and let M be a unital left R-module.
A.Tercan introduced the following concept.An R-module M is called a CLSmodule
if every y-closed submodule is a direct summand .The main purpose of this
work is to develop the properties of y-closed submodules.

Overheating is a common issue in a nonparallel helical gearing system. The reason is the high friction, sliding velocity, and tangential force that occurs between meshed gear teeth. These factors can result in negative outcomes such as increased power loss, low gear efficiency, breakdown, and scuffing. Two types of non-parallel helical gears have been utilized to estimate the meshing heat fluxes of a pair of non-parallel gear systems. The scenario involves a design of standard helical teeth and a modified asymmetric non-parallel helical system. The asymmetric tool designe serves as a reference for preparing a modified asymmetric helical gear, which the CNC machine can then cut. The hybrid curve has been compounded from t

The research aims to explore the role of actuarial calculations supported by artificial intelligence technologies (smart actuarial calculations) in enhancing the accuracy and quality of financial reporting. Companies face challenges related to the accuracy, transparency, and speed of preparing financial reports, necessitating innovative solutions based on smart technologies. The research analyzed the literature and employed an exploratory methodology to study the impact of smart actuarial calculations on the integrity of financial reports. The association between the application of artificial intelligence and professional standards and their impact on the performance of insurance companies and financial reporting practices was also exami

This paper deals with studying the relationship between internal and external gaps and the gross domestic product in Iraq for the period (2004-2022), as the Iraqi economy suffers from a financing problem, and this problem has resulted in a weak link between the economic sectors, high inflation rates, as well as the inability of the economic policies followed to achieve the required financing, so the research problem can be clarified by asking about the impact of internal and external gaps on the gross domestic product.  Inductive and quantitative approaches were adopted, which relied on the joint integration methodology to show the impact of internal and external gaps on the gross domestic product in Iraq for the period (2004-2022), and

Background: Obesity tends to appear in modern societies and constitutes a significant public health problem with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Objective: This study aims to determine the agreement between actual and perceived body image in the general population.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted with a sample size of 300. The data were collected from eight major populated areas of Northern district of Karachi Sindh with a period of six months (10^th January 2020 to 21^st June 2020). The Figure rating questionnaire scale (FRS) was applied to collect the demographic data and perception about body weight. Body mass index (BMI) used for ass

أن استقلال الأخلاق ليس بالضرورة استقلالاً عن جوهر الدين وإنما عن التجسُّد التاريخي للدين، وذلك باعتبار أن الدين هو شيء أكثر من التصورات والتعاليم التي تحملها النصوص الدينية، فضلاً عن شروح وتفاسير تلك النصوص، كونه أي الدين، هو التجربة التي أنتجت كل ذلك في تجربة الإنسان في سعيه نحو الحقيقة. وفي بحثنا هذا اردنا تسليط الضوء على المراحل التاريخية التي مرت بها الاخلاق المسيحية التي وردت في الانجيل وهو ابتعاد الم

في هذا البحث نتكلم عن دور الاسرة المسلمة الدعوى في المجتمعات الغربية. وشرعنا البحثَ من وجهة نظر دينية واجتماعية بمنهج وصفي استقرائي تحليلي. الانسان المسلم فرد مؤثر إيجابي فعّال اينما حل وارتحل، وحينما تشارك الاسرةُ الفردَ في اعماله فتزداد الإيجابية والتأثير البنّاء في النفس والمجتمع. أهم دور بناء يقوم به الاسرة المسلمة وافرادها في الغرب هو تربية الذات وتحصين الاسرة، والتعايش مع أهل البلد بسلام، ثم دعوتهم

هدفت الدراسة الحالية التعرف إلى مستوى الخوف من التققيم السلبي، والانفتاح على الخبرة، والتحقق من العلاقة الارتباطية بينهما، والكشف عن الفروق في الخوف من التقييم السلبي، والانفتاح على الخبرة وفقاً لمتغير الجنس ، وبلغت عينة الدراسة (200) شخصٍ من المترددين على عيادة الصحة النفسية برفح ، واستخدم الباحث مقياس الخوف من التقييم السلبي من إعداد ليري(1983)، ترجمة الباحث، كما تم الاستعانة بمقياس الانفتاح على الخبرة، ال

    هدفت الدراسة الى اختبار العلاقة بين التسويف الأكاديمي ،المعتقدات الأكاديمية العقلانية/اللاعقلانية ، معتقدات فعالية الذات الاكاديمية، والرضا عن الحياة الاكاديمية. اشتملت عينة الدراسة على (180) طالبا بالصف الدراسي الثاني الإعدادي ذوي صعوبات التعلم  من خلال درجاتهم على اختبار الفهم القرائي بانحراف معياري 1.5 أقل من نظراءهم . طُبقت مقاييس تقييم التسويف – نسخة الطالب، المعتقدات العقلانية ، معتقدات

The children absorb the positive and negative conversation from their parents. Obviously, they  response according to their receiving conversations and feeling. Doris Lessing shows the social complex relations between of diverse social character classes and their relationships to social institutions.

Indeed, one of the messages of the novel is that the more individuals and society at large reject the dark side of human nature, the more they relapse into primitive barbarity. The mother in  “The fifth child” harbours the feeling of disgust and rejection towards the new born baby which results in more conflict and rejection in the novel.

This paper sheds the light on Doris Lessing’s psychological ideas that s

This study deals with a seemingly obvious topic to everyone – examples. Yet, on a closer perusal, the topic turns out to be interestingly perplexed. This can be justified by the amalgam of cognition and communication out of which such concept is delivered. This mixture gives a hand in texturizing examples. This work aims at pragmatically investigating the concept of ‘example’ as far as its definition, structure, types and functions are concerned. Furthermore, it aims at developing an eclectic model that will be utilized to pragmatically analyze the data of the work represented by four interviews with Donald Trump in 2018. Consequently, it hypothesizes the following: complex schema is more frequently used in the data; abductive infe

خلفية البحث: تلعب فعالية التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي  دورا رئيسا في التسبب في الإعاقة سواء بصورة مباشرة أو عبر آثار غير مباشرة من خلال ضرر المفصل. تقييم نشاط مرض التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي مهم للتنبؤ بنتيجة وفعالية التدخلات العلاجية خلال فترة المتابعة .معيار نشاط المرض السريري (س د اي آي) هو أداة بسيطة جديدة لقياس فعالية المرض

الهدف: : لتقييم صحة وموثوقية (سي

Low-level microbial activity due to the production of organic acids is a recognized problem during the initial phase of food waste composting. Increasing such activity levels by adjusting the pH values during the initial composting phase is the primary objective to be investigated. In this study, sodium acetate (NaoAc) was introduced as an amendment to an in-vessel composting system. NaoAc was added when the pH of the compost mixture reached a low level (pH < 5), the addition increased pH to 5.8. This had a positive effect on the degradation of organic materials i.e. the formation of methane gas compared to the results without NaoAc addition.

The results also proved that anaerobic-aerobic in-vessel composting could reduce the