This research presents a model for surveying networks configuration which is designed and called a Computerized Integrated System for Triangulation Network Modeling (CISTNM). It focuses on the strength of figure as a concept then on estimating the relative error (RE) for the computed side (base line) triangulation element. The CISTNM can compute the maximum elevations of the highest
obstacles of the line of sight, the observational signal tower height, the contribution of each triangulation station with their intervisibility test and analysis. The model is characterized by the flexibility to select either a single figure or a combined figures network option. Each option includes three other implicit options such as: triangles, quadri

Assessment the actual accuracy of laboratory devices prior to first use is very important to know the capabilities of such devices and employ them in multiple domains. As the manual of the device provides information and values in laboratory conditions for the accuracy of these devices, thus the actual evaluation process is necessary.

In this paper, the accuracy of laser scanner (stonex X-300) cameras were evaluated, so that those cameras attached to the device and lead supporting role in it. This is particularly because the device manual did not contain sufficient information about those cameras.

To know the accuracy when using these cameras in close range photogrammetry, laser scanning (stonex X-300) de

In this study, a 3 mm thickness 7075-T6 aluminium alloy sheet was used in the friction stir welding process. Using the design of experiment to reduce the number of experiments and to obtain the optimum friction stir welding parameters by utilizing Taguchi technique based on the ultimate tensile test results. Orthogonal array of L9 (3³) was used based on three numbers of the parameters and three levels for each parameter, where shoulder-workpiece interference depth (0.20, 0.25, and 0.3) mm, pin geometry (cylindrical thread flat end, cylindrical thread with 3 flat round end, cylindrical thread round end), and thread pitch (0.8, 1, and 1.2) mm) this technique executed by Minitab 17 software. The results showed th

This paper deals with finite element modeling of the ultimate load behavior of double skin composite (DSC) slabs. In a DSC slab, shear connectors in the form of nut bolt technique studs are used to transfer shear between the outer skin made of steel plates and the concrete core. The current study is based on finite element analysis using ANSYS Version 11 APDL release computer program. Experimental programmes were carried out by the others, two simply supported DSC beams were tested until failure under a concentrated load applied at the center. These test specimens were analyzed by the finite element method and the analyses have shown that these slabs displayed a high degree of flexural characteristics, ultimate strength,

يعد شبه العقد أحد النظم القانونية الراسخة في قانون الأحكام العام الإنكليزي ذو الأصل العرفي غير المكتوب، والمبني على السوابق القضائية للمحاكم الإنكليزية. وجدير بالذكر فقد وقد مر تأصيل الأساس القانوني لشبه العقد في القانون الانكليزي بمرحلتين مختلفتين، فقد إتجه القضاء الانكليزي، تؤيده بعض الآراء الفقهية، في المرحلة الأولى إلى عد شبه العقد كعقد ضمني من صنع القضاء، لتلافي غياب الإتفاق الصريح بين الطرفين، ولم

In this paper, an adaptive integral Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is employed to control the speed of Three-Phase Induction Motor. The strategy used is the field oriented control as ac drive system. The SMC is used to estimate the frequency that required to generates three phase voltage of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) invertor . When the SMC is used with current controller, the quadratic component of stator current is estimated by the controller. Instead of using current controller, this paper proposed estimating the frequency of stator voltage since that the slip speed is function of the quadratic current . The simulation results of using the SMC showed that a good dynamic response can be obtained under load

Partial shading is one of the problems that affects the power production and the efficiency of photovoltaic module. A series of experimental work have been done of partial shading of   monocrystalline PV module; 50W, I_sc: 3.1A, V_oc: 22V with 36 cells in series is achieved. Non-linear power output responses of the module are observed by applying various cases of partial shading (vertical and horizontal shading of solar cells in the module). Shading a single cell (corner cell) has the greatest impact on output energy. Horizontal shading or vertical shading reduced the power from 41W to 18W at constant solar radiation 1000W/m² and steady state condition. Vertical blocking a column

لم تعد الخبرة الوسيلة الوحيدة المستخدمة في الإجراءات القضائية. فهناك الكثير من ادلة الاثبات التي يستعين بها القاضي الاداري مثل المعاينة والشهادة ، غير أن الواقع العملي يبين أن القاضي لا يلجأ إليهما إلا نادراً على الرغم من سرعتهما ومن كلفتهما البسيطة. وللبحث في موضوع الخبرة أهمية كبيرة من الناحية القانونية وذلك لأن لها دور هام في الإثبات لا يقل أهمية عن دورها في مد العون والمساعدة للقاضي، وحيث إن لها دور مهم

ان الجرائم الإرهابية تمس أساساً حياة الإنسان في سلامة الجسم والحق في حماية الملكية؛ وحقوق اخرى؛ الامر الذي يتطلب اتخاذ اجراءات سريعة وفورية لتوفير الحماية الجنائية لضحايا تلك الجريمة؛ وتبدأ هذه الاجراءات من لحظة انتهاء الجريمة ومن هنا كانت الانطلاقة في محاولة لم الشتات لأجل تسليط الضوء على الحقوق التي يتمتع بها ضحايا الجريمه الإرهابيه منذ لحظة ارتكابها ولغاية تنفيذ القصاص العادل  لذلك فان البحث في حقو

In this study, the response and behavior of machine foundations resting on dry and saturated sand was investigated experimentally. A physical model was manufactured to simulate steady state harmonic load at different operating frequencies. The effect of relative density, depth of embedment, foundation area as well as the imposed harmonic load was investigated. It was found that the amplitude of displacement of the foundation increases with increasing the amplitude of dynamic force and operating frequency meanwhile it decreases with increasing the relative density of sand, degree of saturation, depth of embedment and contact area of footing. The maximum displacement was noticed at 33.34 to 41.67 Hz. The maximum displaceme

    يعد حق الملكية من ابرز واهم الحقوق الجوهرية التي يتمتع بها الفرد سواء كان الوطني ام الاجنبي فكلاهما لهم ملكيتهم خاصة لا يجوز المساس بها الا لمقتضيات التنمية الاقتصادية للبلد او ما يعرف بالمنفعة العامة ، ولم يحدد المشرع العراقي المقصود بنزع الاستثمارات الاجنبية ، لهذا فقد تبينت بيان مفهومها بعضا من الاتفاقيات الدولية الثنائية (BITS) كما تولت تحديد شروطها وطرقها ، حيث يتم نزع ممتلكات الاجان

In this current work, Purpose; to clearly the fundamental idea for constructing a design and
investigation of spur gear made of composite material its comes from the combination of (high
speeds, low noise, oil-les running, light weight, high strength, and more load capability)
encountered in modern engineering applications of the gear drives, when the usual metallic gear
cannot too overwhelming these combinations.
An analyzing of stresses and deformation under static and dynamic loading for spur gear tooth
by finite element method with isoparametric eight-nodded in total of 200 brick element with 340
nods in three degree of freedom per node was selected for this analysis. This is responsible for the
catastropic fa

This work dealt with separation of naphthenic hydrocarbons from non-naphthenic hydrocarbons and in particular concerns an improved process for increasing the naphthenes concentration in naphtha, The separation was examined using adsorption by Y and  B zeolite in a fixed bed process. The concentration of naphthenes in the influent and effluent streams was determined using PONA classification. The effect of different operating variables such as feed flow rate (2- 4 L/hr); bed length (50 - 80 cm) on the adsorption capacity of Y and  zeolite was studied. Increasing the bed length lead to increase the naphthenes concentration, and increasing the flow rate lead to decrease in the concentration of naphthenes, It was found that the decrease

This study employs an integrated research model to examine the syntax properties of the historic urban network in older Baghdad, explaining how spatial configurations affect urban functions and land use. The relationship between the street network and land use pattern is again the focus for architects and urban planners trying to revitalize historic urban cores. In this research, a multi-method approach is used, incorporating GIS, space syntax analysis, statistical correlations, and site observations, to systematically analyze the syntactic properties of the street network in Old Rusafa. The examination was conducted within a 400m radius of Old Rusafa's historic urban fabric to analyze the syntactic processes that govern

تناول البحث التعريف بالقانون الدولي والداخلي واتجاهاته في المبحث الأول وفي الثاني تناول البحث نظريات القانونين وفي الثالث موقف القانون الدولي من النظام القانوني العراقي والأردني.

قسمت المبحث الأول الى مطلبين: الأول عرفت القانون الدولي العام باعتباره فرع من فروع علم القانون وكيفية اختلف العلماء في تسمية هذا القانون ومنهم من اطلق عليه (الأمم) ومنهم من اسماه (قانون الشعوب) وبينت اتجاهاته والتي هي الاتجاه

Often the greatest source of heat gain is the solar radiation entering through
windows. Heat is then trapped in; because of the "greenhouse effect" shading the
windows is one of the most effective method within the reach of the architect for
reducing this heat gain. This is nowhere more necessary than in a country like the U.A.E.
but we find the architects here often ignoring this important environmental aspect of
design. This is partly due to the lack of relevant local meteorological data plus the
complexity of the procedure involved ;and partly due to the misconception that such
aspect looses much of its significance when the building is air conditioned .
The aim of this paper is to simplify the

This research is concerned to investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. The experimental part of this research is carried out by testing seven RC deep beams having the same dimensions and steel reinforcement which have been divided into two groups according to the strengthening schemes. Group one was consisted of three deep beams strengthened with vertical U-wrapped CFRP strips. While, Group two was consisted of three deep beams strengthened with inclined CFRP strips oriented by 45^o with the longitudinal axis of the beam. The remaining beam is kept unstrengthening as a reference beam. For each group, the variable considered

إن البيئة بجوانبها المتعددة مركز الاهتمام الدولي ذلك كونها تشكل تراثاً مشتركاً للإنسانية جمعاء، كما أصبحت تمثل القاسم المشترك بالنسبة لمختلف القضايا والمشاكل ذات الطابع الاقتصادي والاجتماعية والثقافية، ونظراً لتطور القانون الدولي العام، فقد ظهرت مفاهيم جديدة لم تكن ملحوظة من قبل كمفهوم حقوق الأجيال القادمة، إذ يرتبط هذا المفهوم، ارتباطاً وثيقاً بحماية البيئة، والواقع في مجال القانون البيئي، فإن فكرة ح

This research is focusing on finding more effective polymers that leads to enhance the rheological properties of Water Base Muds. The experiments are done for different types of mud for all substances which are Polyacrylamide, Xanthan gum, CMC (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose). This study shows the effect of add polymer to red bentonite mud, effect of add polymer to Iraqi bentonite mud, the effect of add bentonite to polymer mud. The mud properties of Iraqi bentonite blank are enhanced after adding the polymers to the blank mix, CMC gives the highest value of plastic viscosity and Gel strength than others; X-anthan gives the highest value of yield point and gel strength than others. For the red bentonite mud, Polyacrylamide ha

تعتبر الدعاية التجارية، في ظل التقدم التكنولوجي الراهن، جزءًا لا يتجزأ من البيئة الاقتصادية المعاصرة، كونها تؤدي دورًا رئيسياً في تعريف المستهلكين بالمنتجات والخدمات وذلك من خلال الترويج لها عبر الوسائل التقليدية والإلكترونية، حيث تُقدّم هذه الدعاية رسائل إعلانية تحتوي على بيانات ومعلومات أساسية تساهم في اطلاع المستهلك على تطورات السوق وظروفه، وكذلك على أنواع المنتجات والخدمات وخصائصها، مما يساعد الم

The present work presents a new experimental study of the enhancement of turbulent
convection heat transfer inside tubes for combined thermal and hydrodynamic entry length of one
popular “turbulator” (twisted tape with width slightly less than internal tube diameter) inserted for
fire tube boilers. Cylindrical combustion chamber was used to burn (1.6 to 7kg/h) fuel oil #2 to
deliver hot gases with ranges of Reynolds number (10500 to 21700), and (11400 to 24150) for both
empty and inserted tube respectively.A uniform wall temperature technique was used by keeping
approximately constant water temperature difference (25ºC) between inlet and exit cooling water in
parallel flow shell and tube heat exchanger. The test

In the present study, a general nonlinear one-dimensional finite element beam model is developed
for the analysis of composite beams. The proposed model is based on the partial interaction theory
of composite beams where the flexibility of shear connectors is allowed. By using a layered approach for the composite beam cross-section and including the material nonlinear behavior of concrete, steel, shear connector and reinforcing steel, the proposed method of analysis is capable of predicting the response of composite beams throughout the elastic, inelastic and ultimate load ranges in one complete analysis.
Numerical case studies are presented to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the present method. The results are com

قامت المملكة العربية السعودية بتهيئة المناخ الاقتصادي وتنويع اقتصادها وتشجيع القطاع الخاص والعمل على زيادة مساهماته في المجال الاقتصادي ووضع الكثير من الحوافز والضمانات لزيادة تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، وتم تقسيم الدراسة إلى ثلاث مباحث رئيسية تسبقها مقدمة وتعقبها نتائج وتوصيات، تناول المبحث الأول ماهية التنويع الاقتصادي أنواعه ومبرراته وأهدافه في مطلبين، المطلب الأول بعنوان تعريف التنويع الاق

يعد تأخر تنفيذ المشاريع الاستثمارية الحكومية من أبرز التحديات التي تواجه التنمية في العراق، رغم وجود تعليمات تنفيذ العقود الحكومية رقم (2) لسنة 2014. إذ تتكرر حالات التأخر بشكل ينعكس سلبًا على الاقتصاد الوطني ويُفقد الدولة فرصًا استثمارية مهمة. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل الأسباب القانونية والإدارية التي تقف وراء هذا التأخر، مع التركيز على الجوانب التطبيقية من خلال دراسة نماذج واقعية مستندة إلى تقارير رقابية رس

Drip irrigation is one of the conservative irrigation techniques since it implies supplying water directly on the soil through the emitter; it can supply water and fertilizer directly into the root zone. An equation to estimate the wetted area in unsaturated soil is taking into calculating the water absorption by roots is simulated numerically using HYDRUS (2D/3D) software. In this paper, HYDRUS comprises analytical types of the estimate of different soil hydraulic properties. Used one soil type, sandy loam, with three types of crops; (corn, tomato, and sweet sorghum), different drip discharge, different initial soil moisture content was assumed, and different time durations. The relative error for the different hydrauli

This manuscript investigated the effect of anchorage CFRP wrapping sheets, bolts, and laminate interlock on increasing the efficiency of flexural strengthening for the post-tension girder using CFRP composites techniques longitudinal laminates at the soffit for partially damaged loss of about 14.3% from its area of prestressed concrete beams, and the impact on restoring the original flexural capacity of PC girder. Mitigating delamination of the soffit of horizontal laminates (CFRP). The texture of the laminate and anchorages influenced the stress of the laminate carbon fiber, the mode of crack propagation and failure, and consequently, the beam's attitude has been investigated in this manuscript. The experimental findi

The current research deals with practical studies that explain to the Iraqi consumer multiple instances about the phenomenon of water hammer which occur in the water pipeline operating with pressure. It concern a practical study of the characteristics of this phenomenon and economically harmful to the consumer the same time. Multiple pipe fittings are used aimed to reduce this phenomenon and its work as alternatives to the manufactured arresters that used to avoid water hammer in the sanitary installations, while the consumer did not have any knowledge as to the non-traded for many reasons, including the water pressure decreases in the networks and the use of consumer pumps to draw water directly from the network. Study found a number of

The purpose of this article was to identify and assess the importance of risk factors in the tendering phase of construction projects. The construction project cannot succeed without the identification and categorization of these risk elements. In this article, a questionnaire for likelihood and impact was designed and distributed to a panel of specialists to analyze risk factors. The risk matrix was also used to research, explore, and identify the risks that influence the tendering phase of construction projects. The probability and impact values assigned to risk are used to calculate the risk's score. A risk matrix is created by combining probability and impact criteria. To determine the main risk elements for the tend

Several previous investigations and studies utilized silica fume (SF) or (micro silica) particles as supplementary cementitious material added as a substitute to cement-based mortars and their effect on the overall properties, especially on physical properties, strength properties, and mechanical properties. This study investigated the impact of the inclusion of silica fume (SF) particles on the residual compressive strengths and microstructure properties of cement-based mortars exposed to severe conditions of elevated temperatures. The prepared specimens were tested and subjected to 25, 250, 450, 600, and 900 °C. Their residual compressive strengths and microstructure were evaluated and compared with control samples (C

Numerous tests are recently conducted to assess vibration's role in accelerating the heat transfer rate in various heat exchangers. In this work, the enhancement of heat transfer by the effect of transfer vibration and inclination angles on the surface of a double pipe heat exchanger experimentally has been investigated. A data acquisition system is applied to record the data of temperatures, flow rates, and frequencies over the tests. A compound technique was adopted, including the application of a set of inclination angles of (0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°) under the effect of frequency of vibration ranging from sub-resonance to over-resonance frequencies. The results showed that the overall heat transfer coefficient enhan