شهدت العلاقات التجارية تطوراً ملحوظاً في القرنين الماضيين ، انعكس أثره على مختلف جوانب الحياة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية و القانونية ، ويعد المشروع المشترك إحدى الصور التي عرفها التعاون التجاري الدولي ، والتعاون الداخلي على حد سواء ، ومن خلال استراتيجية مخططة تضع مجموعة من الأَمكانيات المختلفة ، والتخصص في العمل على وفق تنظيم معين ، من خلال إسهام أكثر من شخص طبيعي أو معنوي في إنشاء مشروع م

التحكيم الذكي في منازعات المنظمات اللامركزية المستقلة DAOs يستخدم تكنولوجيا Block chain والعقود الذكية لتوفير حلول فعالة لتسوية النزاعات ضمن بيئة الاقتصاد الرقمي المعقد، إذ أن (Daos) ككيانات لامركزية تعمل على أساس بروتوكولات Block chain، تقدم نموذجًا جديدًا للحوكمة والتعاقد الذي يتحدى الأطر القانونية التقليدية، ونظرًا لطبيعتها المجهولة وعدم ارتباطها بأي ولاية قضائية محددة، تواجه هذه المنظمات صعوبات في تحديد الاختصا

يعد سوق الأوراق المالية فضاء رحب لعمل المصارف بوصفها وسيط يمارس تداول الأوراق المالية لصالح عملاءه، ولما كان الوسيط كشخصية معنويه عبارة عن مصرف، فكان لا بد لهذا البحث من استعراض قواعد الحوكمة التي يلتزم بتطبيقها المصرف الوسيط ، سواء على مستوى تنظيم شخصية الوسيط وتعيين العاملين ضمن هذه الوظيفة، والالتزام بالشروط التي يلزم توافرها في شخصية الوسيط ومساعديه ، أو تطبيق قواعد الحوكمة المصرفية على مستوى المهام

يتناول البحث فكرة الفسخ المبتسر للعقد من حيث امكانية او عدم امكانية الحكم بهما مجتمعين ومدى تلازمهما

إن تطوير المعرفة في مسائل الوراثة وقوى التدخل على الجينوم البشري عن طريق التقنيات الحيوية، يطرح على المجتمعات الحديثة أسئلة صعبة على المستويين العلمي والفلسفي تاركاً تأثيره العميق في النظام القانوني بأكمله من خلال إضفاء الشرعية على السلطات المكتسبة أو المرغوبة على الجنس البشري في ظل تحولات الإنسان الناتجة عن العلوم الحديثة، الأمر الذي يدفع بالاهتمامات والرغبة المتساوية إلى وضع قيود على هذه السلطة ضمن ما ي

The confirming of security and confidentiality of multimedia data is a serious challenge through the growing dependence on digital communication. This paper offers a new image cryptography based on the Chebyshev chaos polynomials map, via employing the randomness characteristic of chaos concept to improve security. The suggested method includes block shuffling, dynamic offset chaos key production, inter-layer XOR, and block 90 degree rotations to disorder the correlations intrinsic in image. The method is aimed for efficiency and scalability, accomplishing  complexity order for n-pixels over specific cipher rounds. The experiment outcomes depict great resistant to cryptanalysis attacks, containing statistical, differential and brut

The bifurcation of the constitutional rights of one of the techniques used by the constitutional court to expand the scope of the constitutional right to explicit, and access to the fact that guarantees constitutional rights, and establishes the constitutional elimination of this technique on a particular bond is the constitutional terms of reference, and in the light of his discretion in the exercise of the constitutional powers of , and tends at times To the adoption of a broad branching approach, which confers on the constitutional text containing constitutional rights a wider scope than the scope of an explicit right.

احكام التركز الاقتصادي للمشاريع دراسة مقارنة

يتناول البحث دراسة تطبيق نظرية اساءة استعمال الحق في مجال المسؤولية التعاقدية

This research deals with Amicus Curiae as one of the judicial procedures widely spread in many common law countries on the one hand, and civil law countries on the other hand, as well as regional and international courts. We will seek to clarify what this procedure is, by defining it and distinguishing it from what may be suspected of judicial procedures, and then we will indicate the scope of resorting to it at the national, regional and international levels. We have supported the research with many judicial applications that used this procedure to demonstrate its importance.

Intersectionality is a concept that focuses on social inequality towards black people and provides an analytical instruments for creating social justice issues in such a way in order to depict how social marginalization, or privilege occurs differently in various social positions. It does this by focusing on the interaction of multiple systems of oppression. Intersectionality is used to examines how the social factors; race, gender, and class can affect the people’s life especially the immigrants, black people, and refuges. This article will depicts how blacks in Canada are segregated and distinguished from white race. David Chariandy’s I’ve Been Meaning To Tell You: A Letter to My Daughter 2018 is analyzed through Kimberle Crenshaw

The study aims to reach a common point that achieves a balance between two interests, which are generally in conflict with the public interest and the interest of the individual owner of private property, by extrapolating the provisions of the constitutional judiciary that include the protection of private property, and this protection extends to every right of financial value and is not limited to a specific type, but It included everything that can be estimated with money, as ownership is no longer an advantage for the owner, but rather has become a right for him and a social function. The tax is imposed on what is derived from it, but if there is a need to prejudice it, the conditions, limits and restrictions expressly stipulated in the

بفعل ما واجه العراق في الربع الأخير من القرن الماضي من الحروب والنزاعات العسكرية وما تبعه من آثار الحصار الاقتصادي، فضلاً عن الاحتلال الأخير الذي تعرض له العراق في القرن المعاصر الذي تكلل في انفلات أمني وانتشار الإرهاب وابرز على الشارع العراقي مظاهر لم يعهدها من قبل، مهد الى تفاقم وانهيار في المنظومة المجتمعية جراء ما حصل من التغيرات السياسية والاجتماعية والخ ... كل ذلك أبرز ضرورة وجود مرافق عامة متخصصة بال

The university Service employee is considered one of the categories of public employees, However, The academic and administrative tasks duties that undertakes have made him a special importance and a distinguished legal status, Therefore, we find That the Iraqi legislatures assigned this category a special Law, it is the university Service law No (23) of 2008 as amended who dealt with some aspects related to serving this category, such as duties, right, condition for appointment and award of academic titles, and financial allocation, such as university service allocation, academic title allocations, and some other Provisions leaving other matters to the general service laws and employee discipline, among the matters that the legislator negl

الملخص ان حق الملكية هو الحق الاوسع نطاقا يمنح صاحبه صلاحية ممارسة السلطات كافة ويكون محل هذه السلطات كل ما يملك الشخص سواء كان شقه او طبقة اسوة بالعقارات الاخرى كدار للسكن او ارض ، ومن اهم هذه السلطات واوسعها نطاقا ( هو سلطة التصرف ). تعد هذه السلطة جوهر حق الملكية وأخطر السلطات الممنوحة للمالك كونه بواسطتها يمكنه الاستغناء عن ملكه بأي تصرف ناقل له كالبيع أو الهبة او الوصية مثلا ، ولأهمية هذه السلط

There are many harmful acts that occur from drunkards in this case, especially those resulting from car accidents. The world is witnessing dozens or even hundreds of car accidents due to alcohol consumption. These accidents often result in serious injuries that could lead to the death of the drunk driver and those in the car As well as other persons present in the other vehicles with which the incident occurred or pedestrians on the street, as well as damage to private or public property, and if the order of return of the affected persons on the pretext of civil liability (tort) is made as a direct cause of the harmful act, Is entitled Do they like this refer to the liquor seller or their provider as the culprit? Or are they not related to

The development of the television industry has led to the emergence of a new type of entertainment program in which producers have abandoned stereotypes in traditional programs, known as (Reality TV show). This type of program has spread rapidly in America, (where there are more than 40 series of these programs), as well as Europe and more than twenty countries around the world, including the Arab countries, where the number of these programs today to about 1000 programs and the number is increasing , Especially with the readiness of the production networks to produce more of these programs for the huge profits they derive from them (because of the high viewing rates and the large number of ads broadcast through them) in return for low prod

Despite the principle of separation of powers brought by the French Revolution, which entrusted the task of drafting legislation and its amendment to the legislative authority and the task of settling disputes and settling them in the judiciary. However, since that date, the French judiciary has played a major role in the development of French civil law (In spite of all the economic and social developments that have taken place in French society throughout these years) since its promulgation until February of 2016, the date of the Legislative Decree No. 131 of the year 2016 A modification is the largest in the history of the French Civil Code (which was the judicial precedents in which a significant impact), was assisted by the French judic

Police play an important role in any society. Where they maintain public order by stopping and deterring crime and bringing criminals to justice. In order to achieve these objectives, they have certain means of law (search, arrest, use of force that may be lethal in some cases). However, such means may be misused in a way that harms members of society such as (Exceeding the Scope of a search warrant, violation of privacy of individuals, False Imprisonment, Excessive use of force, Sudden Deaths in custody, Sexual Assault and Harassment, Failure to respond for Domestic violence calls), which raises the civil liability of police officers and their agencies for such damage. Police officers may even abuse their characteristics even outside offic

Since the invention of the automobile, no aspect of American life, including crime and its control, has remained untouched by this far-reaching innovation in transportation. Vehicular "hot pursuit"-when suspects in motor vehicles use excessive speed in attempting to elude the police. Unfortunately, accounts of wild chases across crowded inner city streets, through tree-lined suburban boulevards, and over remote country roads are very real and not merely fictional material created for entertaining television and motion picture audiences. The specter of "hot pursuit," complete with screaming sirens and red or blue flashing lights, has become a recurring fact of modem life.1 So, too, are the mishaps involving police vehicles or the vehicles pu

Despite the global economic downturn, online e-commerce, especially the sale of counterfeit goods, continues to witness a rise in sales, and one of the important players in e-commerce is the owners of e-commerce auction sites. Although they do not have a direct role in trademark infringement, they still consider them indirectly responsible (secondary liability) for infringing on their trademarks. Thus, many cases have been filed by the owners of the original trademarks (which have been infringed by persons who have sold some of the goods and products that are imitating their marks through some electronic auctions) against the owners of those auctions. In view of the international character of the Internet, in different countries, and despit

The ultimate goal of any sale contract is to maximize the combined returns of the parties, knowing that these returns are not realized (in long-term contracts) except in the final stages of the contract. Therefore, this requires the parties to the contract to leave some elements open, including the price, because the adoption of a fixed price and inflexible will not be appropriate to meet their desires when contracting, especially with ignorance of matters beyond their will and may affect the market conditions, and the possibility of modifying the fixed price through The elimination is very limited, especially when the parties to the contract are equally in terms of economic strength. Hence, in order to respond to market uncertainties, the

Of the new concepts introduced by the decree of the amendment of the French Civil Code No. 131-2016 issued on 10 February 2016, which raised a debate in jurisprudence both at the level of French jurisprudence or the Arab, the concept of (the content of the contract), which seems to have emerged from the appearance of new legal articles ( 1162-1171) is the cornerstone of the contract and the contract in the contract, the two pillars which, over the course of 200 years and a half, have been one of the main pillars of the codification of Napoleon. Is that the decree of amendment has already abandoned these two pillars, or most of what he did is a change in terminology while preserving the content of these two pillars implicitly, this is what w

This study examines the position of comparative legislation (French legislation, English legislation, and Egyptian legislation) in addressing the regulation of personal civil liability (based on fault) for the government. About the damages caused by demonstrations in terms of their legal nature, their legal basis, and the pillars and conditions of that responsibility. Then, we explain the position of the Iraqi legislator and compare it with what is the case in the legislation mentioned above

إن إستثمار الشيء المرهون هو: توظيف الدائن المرتهن الشيء المرهون في الرهن الحيازي؛ ليدر ربحاً معيناً؛ لزيادة غلته، ويكون ذلك باستعماله لنفسه، أو تأجيره للغير، أو للراهن، وخصم غلته من دين الرهن، وإن إستثمار المرهون هو حق مقرر للدائن، والتزام يقع عليه في الوقت نفسه، وإذا قام بتنفيذ التزامه بالإستثمار يدر المرهون ثماراً، هذه الثمار من الممكن أن تخصم من دين الرهن، أي يتم إجراء مقاصة بين ثمار المرهون ودين الرهن،

ان تأسيس الأحزاب السياسية في القانون العراقي يخضع لعدة شروط من بينها الشروط الخاصة بمبادئ الأحزاب واهدافها وشروط التي تتعلق بالعضوية  في الاحزاب وكذلك يمر تأسيسها بعدد من الاجراءات وان هذه الشروط والاجراءات يحكمها قانون الاحزاب السياسية رقم (36) لسنة 2015 اذ تضمن قانون الاحزاب نصوص مخالفة للدستور واخرى تمثل تقييد يرد على حرية تأسيس الاحزاب السياسية وتخرج من اطار التنظيم المخول به المشرع العادي بموجب الاحا