Low-Density-Parity-Check (LDPC) codes are a cornerstone for achieving robust error correction capabilities in 5G New Radio applications, significantly improving the reliability of data transmission across noisy and unpredictable wireless channels. Since an evaluation and discussion of the performance with channel coding is significantly absent in two-dimensional Index Modulation (IM)-Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK) schemes. Therefore, in this study, the 5G new radio LDPC codes based generalized joint subcarrier-time index modulation DCSK system (5G NR-LDPC-GJSTIM-DCSK) is proposed, where 5G NR-LDPC codes are used as channel coding. The aim is to improve the system’s performance specifically across AWGN (additive white gaussian noise) and multipath Rayleigh fading channels, when contrasted with the uncoded GJSTIM-DCSK. In the suggested system, the detected index bits at the receiver are transformed into soft bits and combined with the soft demodulated bits before the decoding process. The results show that the highest coding improvements are 11.6 dB for AWGN channels and 22.2 dB for Rayleigh fading channels, using a code rate of 1/5, a codeword length of 7648, and a spreading factor of 256. Additionally, the performance of the 5G NR-LDPCGJSTIM- DCSK system surpasses the 5G NR-LDPC-GSIMDCSK- II’s performance and is nearly equivalent to the 5G NR-LDPC-GFTIM-DCSK-II’s performance at high SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio).
By use the notions pre-g-closedness and pre-g-openness we have generalized a class of separation axioms in topological spaces. In particular, we presented in this paper new types of regulαrities, which we named ρgregulαrity and Sρgregulαrity. Many results and properties of both types have been investigated and have illustrated by examples.
The primary objective of this paper, is to introduce eight types of topologies on a finite digraphs and state the implication between these topologies. Also we used supra open digraphs to introduce a new types for approximation rough digraphs.
In this thesis, we introduce eight types of topologies on a finite digraphs and state the implication between these topologies. Also we studied some pawlak's concepts and generalization rough set theory, we introduce a new types for approximation rough digraphs depending on supra open digraphs. In addition, we present two various standpoints to define generalized membership relations, and state the implication between it, to classify the digraphs and help for measure exactness and roughness of digraphs. On the other hand, we define several kinds of fuzzy digraphs. We also introduce a topological space, which is induced by reflexive graph and tolerance graphs, such that the graph may be infinite. Furthermore, we offered some properties of th
... Show MoreIn this work the concept of semi-generalized regular topological space was introduced and studied via semi generalized open sets. Many properties and results was investigated and studied, also it was shown that the quotient space of semi-generalized regular topological space is not, in general semi-generalizedspace.
Background : Knee flexors tightness has been documented in apparently healthy adults and in those with musculoskeletal problems, but the influence of age on the tightness has not been studied in Iraq. This study was therefore designed to determine the influence of age on knee flexors tightness in apparently healthy subjects.Methods: Knee flexors tightness was measured using the active knee extension test (AKET) in 200 apparently healthy male and female subjects, aged 13 to 59 years. The subjects were recruited into 5 age groups using the purposive sampling technique.Knee flexors tightness was compared across the age groups using one-way analysis ofvariance (ANOVA). The independent t-test was used to compare knee flexors tightness on both
... Show MoreCloth simulation and animation has been the topic of research since the mid-80's in the field of computer graphics. Enforcing incompressible is very important in real time simulation. Although, there are great achievements in this regard, it still suffers from unnecessary time consumption in certain steps that is common in real time applications. This research develops a real-time cloth simulator for a virtual human character (VHC) with wearable clothing. This research achieves success in cloth simulation on the VHC through enhancing the position-based dynamics (PBD) framework by computing a series of positional constraints which implement constant densities. Also, the self-collision and collision wit
... Show MoreWeed control with chemicals is a challenging process that should be performed in a rational way to reduce their negative impact on the surrounding environment. The growth of artificial intelligence algorithms encourages researchers to develop smart spraying robots that detect and spray weeds and distinguish them from the main crop which leads to sustainable use of these chemicals and achieves some of the sustainable development goals. However, few studies are available to comprehensively compare different versions of YOLO algorithm to detect weed. In this research, seven versions of YOLO algorithms were evaluated for their performance to detect and spray four t
Reduce the required time for measuring the permeability of clayey soils by using new manufactured cell
Two molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) membranes for Levofloxacin (LEV) were prepared based on PVC matrix. The imprinted polymers were prepared by polymerization of styrene (STY) as monomer, N,N methylene di acrylamide as a cross linker ,benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator and levofloxacin as a template. Di methyl adepate (DMA) and acetophenone (AOPH) were used as plasticizers , the molecular imprinted membranes and the non molecular imprinted membranes were prepared. The slopes and detection limits of the liquid electrodes ranged from -21.96 – -19.38 mV/decade and 2×10-4M- 4×10-4M, and Its response time was around 1 minute, respectively. The liquid electrodes were packed with 0.1 M standar
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