Methyle tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is the most fuel additive used through the world.Thus, it has been reported that MTBE is the second high concentration contamination found in ground water.
Study of the effect of reaction time and reaction temperature of 25 to 55° C on the kinetic of chemical oxidation has been done with 3000 ppm MTBE in water at pH range 3 to 7 and 1:1 hydrogen peroxide to Fenton’s reagent ratio.
Also, Kinetic analysis was carried out to determine reaction order and activation energy for the reaction of MTBE disappearance during the reaction with Fenton’s reagent.

The present research is concerned with studying of the drag force on two spheres moving side by side and in line in non-Newtonian liquid. Polyacryamide (PAA) solution with different concentrations (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07)% by weight and water is used for comparison for obtaining the effect of fluid properties on the drag force. Different types of spheres stainless steel, glass and plastic with different sizes and densities were used. Within the considered range of power law index (0.6 - 1), and generated Reynolds number (1.1 -75) in power law fluid and Reynolds number (100 - 1000) for water it was found the drag coefficient increases with increasing the power law index for constant generated Reynolds number and the drag force increase

Due to the deterioration of water quality within the last few years because of the increase of water consumption and the waste water production and disposal into the river The water quality in both surface and ground water resources was negatively affected .The concept of water quality index is used as a tool for water quality classification in Tigris River within Baghdad City .Twenty two parameters of pollution were selected to measure the water quality indices of Tigris river within Baghdad city .Those parameters were measured during (2000-2004)as average monthly values ,three water treatment plants were selected out of the eight water
treatment plants that exist along the river.Al Kharkh water treatment plant to reflect the water

Porcelanite rocks were selected to be the dual media with sand in this study to improve the performance of the filtration process in water treatment plants. The work required installing a pilot filtration unit in the location of the filters in one of the water treatment plants, so the experimental work was performed on the same influent water of the filters in the plant (the effluent from the sedimentation tank. The pilot filtration consists of three plastic column filters, working parallel and simultaneously. The first contains 70 cm sand (the same type used in the filters of the plant), the second and third were dual filters (porcelanite with sand) of different depths and sizes using different filtration rates (5, 10, and 15 m/hr). The

The work in this research presents an experimental and a theoretical study to obtain the effect of using a low permeability geosynthetic material on the longitudinal and lateral coefficients of dispersion. This would have its effect on the contaminants migration through an isotropic, homogenous and saturated soil. The first stage of this research involves the study of the geosynthetic material and in calculating the longitudinal and lateral coefficients of dispersion for an Iraqi sandy soil by using an experimental set-up to simulate the processes. To investigate the effect of using a geosynethtic material on the dispersion coefficients, the test was conducted for each velocity that was used in the experimental work and as follows: wi

To study the nonlinear response of composite concrete beams, a finite element analysis is presented. Material nonlinearities as a result of nonlinear response of concrete in compression, crushing and cracking of concrete, strain softening and stiffening after cracking, yielding of reinforcement, bond- slip, shear-slip, and dowel action between the precast concrete beams and the cast-in-situ slabs are considered.A biaxial concrete model is adopted. Concrete is treated as an orthotropic material with smeared rotating crack model. The steel reinforcement is assumed to be in a uniaxial stress state and is modeled as a bilinear material. I A two-dimensional plane stress finite element type is used to model the concrete Reinforcement is repres

A total of 48 experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of slit weir dimensions and locations on the maximum scour depth and scour area created upstream. The slit weir model was a 110 mm slit opening, and it was installed at the end of the working section in a laboratory flume. The flume was 10.0 m long, 30 cm wide, 30 cm deep, and almost middle. It includes a 2 m working section with a mobile bed with 110 mm in thickness. In the mobile bed, two types of nonuniform sand (with a geometric standard deviation of 1.58 and 1.6) were tested separately. The weir dimensions and location were changed with flow rates. Then dimensions of the slit weir were changed from 60 x 110 mm to 60 x 70 mm (width x height), while th

Undoubtedly, Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) are a major dilemma in term of mortality and morbidity facing the road users as well as the traffic and road authorities. Since 2002, the population in Iraq has increased by 49 percent and the number of vehicles by three folds. Consequently, these increases were unfortunately combined with rising the RTAs number, mortality and morbidity. Alongside the humanitarian tragedies, every year, there are considerable economic losses in Iraq lost due to the epidemic of RTAs. Given the necessity of understanding the contributory factors related to RTAs for the implementation by traffic and road authorities to improve the road safety, the necessity have been a rise for

Fatigue cracking is the most common distress in road pavement. It is mainly due to the increase in the number of load repetition of vehicles, particularly those with high axle loads, and to the environmental conditions. In this study, four-point bending beam fatigue testing has been used for control and modified mixture under various micro strain levels of (250 μƐ, 400 μƐ, and 750 μƐ) and 5HZ. The main objective of the study is to provide a comparative evaluation of pavement resistance to the phenomenon of fatigue cracking between modified asphalt concrete and conventional asphalt concrete mixes (under the influence of three percentage of Silica fumes 1%, 2%, 3% by the weight of asphalt content), and (chan

Reservoir study has been developed in order to get a full interesting of the Nahr Umr formation in Ratawi oil field. Oil in place has been calculated for Nahr Umr which was 2981.37 MM BBL. Several runs have been performed to get matching between measured and calculated of oil production data and well test pressure. In order to get the optimum performance of Nahr Umr many strategies have been proposed in this study where vertical and horizontal wells were involved in addition to different production rates. The reservoir was first assumed to be developed with vertical wells only using production rate of (80000–125000) STB/day. The reservoir is also proposed to produce using horizontal wells besides vertical wells with pr

This work evaluates the economic feasibility of various production scenarios for the Zubair reservoir in the Kifl oil field using cash flow and net present value (NPV) calculations. The Kifl field is an exploratory field that has not yet been developed or assessed economically. The first well was drilled in 1960, and three other wells were later drilled to assess the oil accumulation, so in this research, Different production scenarios were evaluated economically. These scenarios were proposed based on the reservoir model of the Zubair formation in the field. The research methodology used QUE$TOR software to estimate capital expenditures (CapEx) and operating expenditures (OpEx) based on field-level data, production prof

Today's world is witnessing continuous development, particularly in the construction sector, which is meeting the rising population and their need for essential facilities; this is one of the reasons why construction is witnessing such development. Different crises significantly affect this sector, including the financial crisis in different countries. This paper identifies the financial crises, their categories, and the reasons for appearing them.  Inflation, currency exchange fluctuations, and the drop in global oil prices are the most important reasons for the emergence of external financial crises, especially in Iraq, which considers oil an important economic resource for its budget. The unexpected global financial

This work studies the impact of input machining parameters of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) on the machining process performance. Tool steel O1 was selected as the workpiece material, copper as the electrode material, and kerosene as the dielectric medium. Experimental runs have been carried out with a Design of Experiment (DOE) technique. Twenty tests are accomplished with the current range of (18 to 24 Ampere), a pulse duration range of (150 to 200 µs), and a pulse-off time range of (25 to 75 µs). Based upon the experimental study's output results, the EDM parameter's effect (voltage of power supply, discharge current, pulse duration, and pulse pause interval) on the responses of the process represented by sur

The numerical investigation has been performed to study the radiation affected steady state laminar mixed convection induced by a hot inner varied positions circular core in a horizontal rectangular channel for a fully developed flow. To examine the effects of thermal radiation on thermo fluid dynamics behavior in the eccentric geometry channel, the generalized body fitted co-ordinate system is introduced while the finite difference method is used for solving the radiative transport equation. The governing equations which used are continuity, momentum and energy equations. These equations are normalized and solved using the Vorticity-Stream function. After validating numerical results for the case without radiation, the detailed radiatio

Error control schemes became a necessity in network-on-chip (NoC) to improve reliability as the on-chip interconnect errors increase with the continuous shrinking of geometry. Accordingly, many researchers are trying to present multi-bit error correction coding schemes that perform a high error correction capability with the simplest design possible to minimize area and power consumption. A recent work, Multi-bit Error Correcting Coding with Reduced Link Bandwidth (MECCRLB), showed a huge reduction in area and power consumption compared to a well-known scheme, namely, Hamming product code (HPC) with Type-II HARQ. Moreover, the authors showed that the proposed scheme can correct 11 random errors which is considered a high

Experimental investigation of the influence of inserting the metal foam to the solar chimney to induce natural ventilation are described and analyzed in this work. To carry out the experimental test, two identical solar chimneys (without insertion of metal foam and with insertion of metal foam) are designed and placed facing south with dimensions of length× width× air gap (2 m× 1 m× 0.2 m). Four incline angles are tested (20^o,30^o,45^o,60^o) for each chimney in Baghdad climate condition (33.3^o latitude, 44.4^o longitude) on October, November, December 2018. The solar chimney performance is investigated by experimentally recording absorber pl

A two time step stochastic multi-variables multi-sites hydrological data forecasting model was developed and verified using a case study. The philosophy of this model is to use the cross-variables correlations, cross-sites correlations and the two steps time lag correlations simultaneously, for estimating the parameters of the model which then are modified using the mutation process of the genetic algorithm optimization model. The objective function that to be minimized is the Akiake test value. The case study is of four variables and three sites. The variables are the monthly air temperature, humidity, precipitation, and evaporation; the sites are Sulaimania, Chwarta, and Penjwin, which are located north Iraq. The model performance was

In this paper, wireless network is planned; the network is predicated on the IEEE 802.16e standardization by WIMAX. The targets of this paper are coverage maximizing, service and low operational fees. WIMAX is planning through three approaches. In approach one; the WIMAX network coverage is major for extension of cell coverage, the best sites (with Band Width (BW) of 5MHz, 20MHZ per sector and four sectors per each cell). In approach two, Interference analysis in CNIR mode. In approach three of the planning, Quality of Services (QoS) is tested and evaluated. ATDI ICS software (Interference Cancellation System) using to perform styling. it shows results in planning area covered 90.49% of the Baghdad City and used 1000 mob

قامت المملكة العربية السعودية بتهيئة المناخ الاقتصادي وتنويع اقتصادها وتشجيع القطاع الخاص والعمل على زيادة مساهماته في المجال الاقتصادي ووضع الكثير من الحوافز والضمانات لزيادة تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، وتم تقسيم الدراسة إلى ثلاث مباحث رئيسية تسبقها مقدمة وتعقبها نتائج وتوصيات، تناول المبحث الأول ماهية التنويع الاقتصادي أنواعه ومبرراته وأهدافه في مطلبين، المطلب الأول بعنوان تعريف التنويع الاق

يعد القانون الضريبي كغيره من القوانين الأخرى مظهراً من مظاهر سيادة الدولة ، حيث تمارس كل دولة صلاحياتها كافة ضمن نطاق إقليمها دون أن تتعدى حدود الدول الأخرى، وهو ما يعبر عنه بمبدأ إقليمية القانون الضريبي، وهذا يعني أن كل دولة لا تستطيع فرض ضرائبها خارج حدودها ، وقد كان ذلك أمراً طبيعياً وضرورياً في ظل نشاط الأفراد الذي لم يكن يتعدى حدود دولهم، ولكن في ظل التطور الاقتصادي وتنشيط التبادل التجاري بين الدول ، وت

لقد دفعتني سلسلة الحروب الحالية وماصحبها من عنف واغتصاب تقوم به كيانات ودول إلى التفكير في بحث كيف ان يكون العنف والاغتصاب تحت مظلة تخصصي في القانون الدولي العام. فقد أبرزت الحرب في غزة واوكرانيا أهمية الحرية الفردية من عنف الدولة والكيانات المسلحة، والتي تم تأكيدها في حقوق الإنسان للجميع دون تمييز على أساس العرق أو الجنس أو اللغة أو الدين، في حين تطور القانون الدولي وطور أنظمة متخصصة تتعلق بحقوق الإنسان وا

تجاوز الذكاء الاصطناعي مرحلة كونه أداة مساعدة، وأضحى معززاً للنشاط الإداري لمدير الشركة التجارية. وهو ما يثير التساؤل عن أثر الاستعانة بالذكاء الاصطناعي على التزام مجلس الإدارة بالعمل على تحقيق مصلحة الشركة. إذ أن تدخل الذكاء الاصطناعي يثير إشكاليات مهمة منبعها طبيعته الخاصة. حيث يعتمد في عمله بشكل حتمي على مدخلات معينة، ولا يقتصر التحكم في مدخلاته وآلية عمله على مجلس إدارة الشركة بل يتعدد المتدخلون. من جه

إن موضوع التعويض عن الضرر المعنوي من الموضوعات التي مازالت في حاجة كبيرة إلى دراسة متعمقة، من أجل التوصل إلى آلية التعامل مع الأضرار المعنوية، والسبب في ذلك هو صعوبة تقدير مدى الآثار الناتجة عن الأضرار المعنوية ومن ثم تقييمها ماديا، إذ إن ذلك يعتمد بشكل كبير على المعايير الشخصية أكثر من الموضوعية، مما ينتج عنه إشكالية في الواقع العملي، تتمثل في عدم القدرة على تعويض الضرر المعنوي. فالإشكالية هنا ليست في رفض

أن للذكاء الاصطناعي على البيئة التي يعيش فيها الانسان آثره الذي يكون ذو شقين إيجابي يتمثل في المحافظة على البيئة من خلال دفع اخطار الآلات والتكنلوجيا هذا من جانب، ومن جانب اخر يكون سلبي وتأثيره على الانسان من خلال الانبعاثات الاشعاعية والغازات والآلات المستخدمة عن طريق هذه الاجهزة المتطورة تكنلوجيا محلياً ودولياً ومدى تأثيرها على الانسان.

ومن خلال هذا البحث سوف نتناول التشريعات العراقية التي تناولت ح

تناول البحث التعريف بالقانون الدولي والداخلي واتجاهاته في المبحث الأول وفي الثاني تناول البحث نظريات القانونين وفي الثالث موقف القانون الدولي من النظام القانوني العراقي والأردني.

قسمت المبحث الأول الى مطلبين: الأول عرفت القانون الدولي العام باعتباره فرع من فروع علم القانون وكيفية اختلف العلماء في تسمية هذا القانون ومنهم من اطلق عليه (الأمم) ومنهم من اسماه (قانون الشعوب) وبينت اتجاهاته والتي هي الاتجاه

Often the greatest source of heat gain is the solar radiation entering through
windows. Heat is then trapped in; because of the "greenhouse effect" shading the
windows is one of the most effective method within the reach of the architect for
reducing this heat gain. This is nowhere more necessary than in a country like the U.A.E.
but we find the architects here often ignoring this important environmental aspect of
design. This is partly due to the lack of relevant local meteorological data plus the
complexity of the procedure involved ;and partly due to the misconception that such
aspect looses much of its significance when the building is air conditioned .
The aim of this paper is to simplify the

In this paper, the transient flow in a rectangular open channel has been studied for different conditions. The velocity and depth of water have been calculated at different sections in the channel. A computer program (Channel) was developed to solve the mathematical model using characteristic method .The initial conditions have been calculated using Runge-Kutta method.

The performance of sewage pumps stations affected by many factors through its work time which produce undesired transportation efficiency. This paper is focus on the use of artificial neural network and multiple linear regression (MLR) models for prediction the major sewage pump station in Baghdad city. The data used in this work were obtained from Al-Habibia sewage pump station during specified records- three years in Al-Karkh district, Baghdad. Pumping capability of the stations was recognized by considering the influent input importance of discharge, total suspended solids (TSS) and biological oxygen demand (BOD).  In addition, the chemical oxygen demands (COD), pH and chloride (Cl). The proposed model performanc

In this paper two axis sun tracking method is used to absorb maximum power from the sun's rays on the solar panel via calculating the sun’s altitude and azimuth angles, which describe the solar position on the Iraqi capital Baghdad for the hours 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 17:00 per day. The angles were calculated in an average approach within one month, so certain values were determined for each month. The daily energy achieved was calculated for the solar tracking method compared with the fixed tracking method. Designed, modeled and simulated a control circuit consisting of reference position truth table, PI Controller and two servomotors that tracked the sun position to adjust the PV panel perpendicular

    يعد حق الملكية من ابرز واهم الحقوق الجوهرية التي يتمتع بها الفرد سواء كان الوطني ام الاجنبي فكلاهما لهم ملكيتهم خاصة لا يجوز المساس بها الا لمقتضيات التنمية الاقتصادية للبلد او ما يعرف بالمنفعة العامة ، ولم يحدد المشرع العراقي المقصود بنزع الاستثمارات الاجنبية ، لهذا فقد تبينت بيان مفهومها بعضا من الاتفاقيات الدولية الثنائية (BITS) كما تولت تحديد شروطها وطرقها ، حيث يتم نزع ممتلكات الاجان