The river water salinity is a major concern in many countries, and salinity can be expressed as total dissolved solids. So, the water salinity impact of the river is one of the major factors effects of water quality. Tigris river water salinity increase with streamline and time due to the decrease in the river flow and dam construction from neighboring countries. The major objective of this research to developed salinity model to study the change of salinity and its impact on the Al-Karkh, Sharq Dijla, Al-Karama, Al-Wathba, Al-Dora, and Al-Wihda water treatment plant along Tigris River in Baghdad city using artificial neural network model (ANN). The parameter used in a model built is (Turbidity, Ec, T.s, S.s, and TDS in)

This paper presents a brief study undertaken for improving the performance of information and communication management of construction projects through investing in information and communication technologies (ICT). The work aims at first to investigate and diagnose the problems, challenges, weaknesses, and inefficiencies related to information and communication management in projects in the construction industry of Iraq. Studying the diagnosed matters and the different solutions of ICT to improve project management performance is following the investigation process. The research presents a technological system suggested to process a lot of the diagnosed problems, challenges, weakness, and inefficiencies of the construction projects and t

A multi-cells in serial model was developed to simulate the distribution of pollutants (which
are BOD5 and TDS) in Tigris river between Al-A'imma bridge and Al-Jumhuria bridge ,a reach
which is about (9 km) length within Baghdad city; this includes four sewage pumping stations
untreated discharged to the river.
This region was divided into eleven cells of different volumes. The model was operated
using the field data, which were obtained from the results of laboratory test of samples which were
collected from twelve stations in the river and four sewage pumping stations located within the
study region twice a month from 15/11/2005 to 30/4/2006. Verification of the simulation model was
accomplished by its applicati

In this paper, an analytical solution describing the deflection of a cracked beam repaired with piezoelectric patch is introduced. The solution is derived using perturbation method. A novel analytical model to calculate the proper dimensions of piezoelectric patches used to repair cracked beams is also introduced. This model shows that the thickness of the piezoelectric patch depends mainly on the thickness of the cracked beam, the electro-mechanical properties of the patch material, the applied load and the crack location. Furthermore, the model shows that the length of the piezoelectric patches depends on the thickness of the patch as well as it depends on the length of the cracked beam and the crack depth. The additio

تعد العدالة في توزيع الخدمات مكانها من المتطلبات الرئيسة ضمن عمل المخطط الحضري و الإقليمي ، لذا فقد شغل بال هذه الفئة من الباحثين إيجاد أو الاعتماد على سبل عديدة تساعد في تحقيق هذا التوزيع المثاني المناطق الخدمة المختلفة في المدينة. و كان النظام المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) دورا بارزا في تذليل العديد من صعوبات العمل التي يواجهها واضعو الخطط الحصرية و الاقليمية على حد سواء، وخصوصا فيما يتعلق بعمليات التوزيع المك

    Soft clays are generally characterized by low shear strength, low permeability and high compressibility. An effective method to accelerate consolidation of such soils is to use vertical drains along with vacuum preloading to encourage radial flow of water.  In this research numerical modeling of prefabricated vertical drains with vacuum pressure was done to investigate the effect of using vertical drains together with vacuum pressure on the degree of saturation of fully and saturated-unsaturated soft soils.  Laboratory experiments were conducted by using a specially-designed large consolidometer cell where a central drain was installed and vacuum pressure was applied. All tests were conducted

This work deals with the determination of contact stress distribution during symmetrical rolling processes using the finite element method ( FEM).The results give a clear idea for the type of distribution of the normal and shear stresses along the
arc of contact ,for the rollers with a radial depth ratio (f) equal to ( 1,0.7, 0.4) .A study ot the deformation induced in the region of maximum shear stress together with the location of stress concentration and the maximum stress was achieved

The cost of the FIR filter depends on the cost of its components that are classified into three types namely buffer, multiplier and adder/subtractor.The adder/subtractor cover the most FIF. rilter components and any reduction in its cost means high reduction in the total cost of FIR filter. tn addition, FIR filters with pipeline multiplier the speed of FIR depends on the speed of adder/subtractor and any improvement in speed will result to increasing in the total speed of such filter.This paper shows a proposed method to increase the speed and reduce the cost of the adder/subtractor by neglecting the rotated carry output. This method reduces the accuracy of FIR
filter, in other words it adds small noise to the output of the filter, bu

This paper aims to study the second-order geometric nonlinearity effects of P-Delta on the dynamic response of tall reinforced concrete buildings due to a wide range of earthquake ground motion forces, including minor earthquake up to moderate and strong earthquakes. The frequency domain dynamic analysis procedure was used for response assessment. Reinforced concrete building models with different heights up to 50 stories were analyzed. The finite element software ETABS (version 16.0.3) was used to analyze reinforced concrete building models.

The study reveals that the percentage increase in buildings' sway and drift due to P-Delta effects are nearly constant for specific building height irrespective of the seism

Two different composite materials were prepared by stir casting method of AA 6061 alloy as a matrix reinforced with two addition different ceramic materials Al₂O₃ and B₄C of grain size   20 µm by 2.5, 5, 7.5 and10% in weight. The composite material with aluminum alloy as a matrix possesses a unique mechanical properties such as: high specific strength and hardness, low density, and high resistance to corrosion and friction wear. This composite is widely used in automotive parts space and marine applications.

Pin-on-disc technique was used to calculate the wear rate for each addition of Al₂O₃ and B₄C particles. Rockwell hardness test and

This study aims to determine the most essential standards of integrity that must be available in the design and implementation of sustainable schools in Iraq. This study was prepared by conducting a questionnaire that included several specialists and experts in the field of building school buildings in Iraq. The results were analyzed, and the relative importance index was used to compare them. The analysis of sustainability criteria for school design underscores the pivotal role of the 'Sustainable Site' (SS) factor. This element encompasses a wide range of considerations aimed at reducing the environmental impact of the school's location and maximizing the site's potential. Following this is indoor environmental quality

Perpetual research endeavors have been created within the existing research to improve the sustainability elements concerning the road structure sector, i.e., minimize possible pollutants and improve monetary profitability. This study aims to determine how recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), which come from tearing down buildings, affect rutting performance using specimens prepared in a laboratory. Four replacement proportions (0, 25, 50, 75)% were studied for the coarse portion of natural aggregate. RCA was treated by immersing it in hydrochloric acid (HCL). The surface morphology of treated RCA was investigated using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test. This study employed two preliminary assessments: the typical

Over the past 10 years, there has been a surge in the study and implementation of smart city (SC) technology. A detailed analysis of the literature evaluations that have already been published on SCs reveals a deficiency of studies that categorize the literature into distinct themes and determine the most and least popular topics based on the number of peer-reviewed research papers that fall under each theme. In an attempt to close this gap, a descriptive literature evaluation of peer-reviewed papers on SCs has been carried out for this work. Over the past 10 years, there has been a surge in the study and implementation of smart city (SC) technology. Based on the number of peer-reviewed research articles that fall under

Audio and speech compression techniques are used to reduce the storage of these data in the required space and the transmission rate of these data in the communication and network systems. In this paper, the researchers exploit neural networks and artificial intelligence to compress audio signals. The researchers investigated compression ratios of 8, 4, 2, and 1 (no compression), and then chose the highest ratio of 8. The compromising choice is based on the best SNR of the recovered audio signal and the required time for implementation. The researchers tested 119 different audio files from the standard BBC audio library. The duration of these files is about 1000 seconds. The average SNR was 26.33 dB, and the mean square

This research dealt with the analysis of murder crime data in Iraq in its temporal and spatial dimensions, then it focused on building a new model with an algorithm that combines the characteristics associated with time and spatial series so that this model can predict more accurately than other models by comparing them with this model, which we called the Combined Regression model (CR), which consists of merging two models, the time series regression model with the spatial regression model, and making them one model that can analyze data in its temporal and spatial dimensions. Several models were used for comparison with the integrated model, namely Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Decision Tree Regression (DTR), Rando

Real-world signals are often intricate and difficult to analyze. Therefore, to facilitate the analysis of signal components, the researchers represent the signal in different domains (transform domain), providing a new perspective and offering significant advantages in understanding the various components of signals. Therefore, discrete transforms have been the subject of extensive study.  In this paper, a new hybrid form of orthogonal polynomial is introduced named discrete Cosine-Krawtchouk–Tchebichef transform (DCKTKT). Which is based on combining discrete Cosine transform with krawtchouk and tchebichef polynomials. The mathematical and theoretical formulations of DCKTKT are presented, followed by an evaluation of

Experimental and numerical studies have been conducted for the effect of injected air bubbles on the heat transfer coefficient through the water flow in a vertical pipe under the influence of uniform heat flux. The investigated parameters were water flow rate of (10, 14 and 18) lit/min, air flow rate of (1.5, 3 and 4) lit/min for subjected heat fluxes of (27264, 36316 and 45398) W/m2. The energy, momentum and continuity equations were solved numerically to describe the motion of flow. Turbulence models k-ε was implemented. The mathematical model is using a CFD code Fluent (Ansys15). The water was used as continuous phase while the air was represented as dispersed. phase. The experimental work includes design, build and instrument a test

This research investigates solid waste management in Al-Kut City. It included the collection of medical and general solid waste generated in five hospitals different in their specialization and capacity through one week, starting from 03/02/2012. Samples were  collected and analyzed periodically to find their generation rate, composition, and physical properties. Analysis results indicated that generation rate ranged between (1102 – 212) kg / bed / day, moisture content and density were (19.0 % - 197 kg/ m3) respectively for medical waste and (41%-255 kg/ m3) respectively for general waste. Theoretically, medical solid waste generated in Al-Kut City (like any other city), affected by capacity, number of patients in a day, and hosp

This paper deals with finite element modeling of the ultimate load behavior of double skin composite (DSC) slabs. In a DSC slab, shear connectors in the form of nut bolt technique studs are used to transfer shear between the outer skin made of steel plates and the concrete core. The current study is based on finite element analysis using ANSYS Version 11 APDL release computer program. Experimental programmes were carried out by the others, two simply supported DSC beams were tested until failure under a concentrated load applied at the center. These test specimens were analyzed by the finite element method and the analyses have shown that these slabs displayed a high degree of flexural characteristics, ultimate strength,

In this paper, an adaptive integral Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is employed to control the speed of Three-Phase Induction Motor. The strategy used is the field oriented control as ac drive system. The SMC is used to estimate the frequency that required to generates three phase voltage of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) invertor . When the SMC is used with current controller, the quadratic component of stator current is estimated by the controller. Instead of using current controller, this paper proposed estimating the frequency of stator voltage since that the slip speed is function of the quadratic current . The simulation results of using the SMC showed that a good dynamic response can be obtained under load

In this study, the effect of ceramic coating on the performance and gases emission on diesel engine was investigated. A four-stroke, direct injected, single cylinder, diesel engine was tested at constant speed and at different load conditions without coating. Then, the inlet and exhaust valves faces were coated by about 500µm with ceramic materials. Ceramic layers were made of YttriaStabilized Zirconia (YSZ), and NiCrAl as a bond coat. The coating technique adapted in this work is the flame spray method. The engine with valves ceramiccoated research was tested for the same operation conditions of the engine (without coating). The results indicate a reduction in both fuel consumption by about 7.6% and particulate emissions by about (13

Practically, torsion is normally combined with flexure and shear actions. Even though, the behavior of reinforced concrete continuous beams under pure torsion is investigated in this study. It was performed on four RC continuous beams under pure torsion. In order to produce torsional moment on the external supports, an eccentric load was applied at various distances from the longitudinal axis of the RC beams until failure.

Variables considered in this study are absolute vertical displacement of the external supports, torsional moment’s capacity, angle of twist and first cracks occurrences. According to experimental results; when load eccentricity increased from 30cm to 60cm, the absolute vertical displacement i

Engineering equipment is essential part in the construction project and usually manufactured with long lead times, large costs and special engineering requirements. Construction manager targets that equipment to be delivered in the site need date with the right quantity, appropriate cost and required quality, and this entails an efficient supplier can satisfy these targets. Selection of engineering equipment supplier is a crucial managerial process .it requires evaluation of multiple suppliers according to multiple criteria. This process is usually performed manually and based on just limited evaluation criteria, so better alternatives may be neglected. Three stages of survey comprised number of public a

The investigation-included experiments were conducted to investigate the local and average mixed

convection heat transfer coefficient for thermally developing and fully developed hydrodynamically laminar airflow in an inclined annulus. The experimental setup, using an aluminum annulus having a radius ratio of (0.41) and the inner tube with a heated length of (0.85m) with constant wall heat flux boundary conditions. The investigation covered Reynolds number range from (332 to 1128) and heat flux varied from (82w/m² to 545w/m2). The air is developed hydrodynamically by using the entrance section annulus (calming section) having the same inner and outer diameter as a test section but with variable lengths. The entrance sections inc

This paper presents region growing image segmentation method which unifies region and boundary information. Several studies shown that segmentation based on image features can improve the accuracy of the interpretation. The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain visual characteristics.
A problem that frequently arises when an image is segmented is that the number of feature variables o

This paper includes study of performance of single cylinder, 4-stroke spark ignition engine
Ricardo E6, with variable compression ratio, spark timing and equivalence ratio, fueled with
supplementary hydrogen to gasoline.
The speed of 25 rps and higher useful compression ratio were chosen in studying the effect of
wide range of equivalence ratios and spark timing.
The results showed that HUCR for mixture of two fuels was (9:1). The brake power when
operated with gasoline was higher than when it was fueled with hydrogen alone, but when mixing
two fuels the brake power increased and became higher than that when working with gasoline to a
certain limit (the hydrogen volumetric ratio in the mixture reached 80%), after

This research study one of the specialized buildings related to culture, and the cultural activity considered as the basic cause of its architecture presencing. The main role of these centers is to spread culture and to provide ways of natural cultural communication among various societies. These societies differ in expressing culture and methods of cultural activity performance, as the cultural act, with its different levels, connects with each society s civilizational codes and direct this act to meet the spiritual and material needs of the society in general and the person in particular. The difference between cultures had been reflected in the way of performing the cultural activity and the buildings needed for serving this activity

An approximate solution of the vibration of an elastically restrained, uniform and non-uniform beams with translational and rotational springs is obtained using Rayleigh-Ritz approach. The frequencies are presented for wide range of restrained parameters and some of these have been compared with those available in the published literature illustrating the accuracy and versatility of the approach. It is believed that the results present in this paper will be of use in design of beams, shaft, and piping under dynamics consideration.

Experiments were conducted to study the local and average heat transfer by mixed convection for hydrodynamically fully developed but thermally developing laminar air flow in horizontal circular cylinder. The experimental setup using an aluminum cylinder as test section with 30 mm inside diameter and 900 mm heated length (L/D=30), is subjected to a constant wall heat flux boundary condition. The investigation covers Reynolds number range from (400 to 1600), heat flux varied from (60W/m² to 400W/m²)and by using an aluminum entrance section pipes (calming sections) having the same inside diameter as test section pipe but with variable lengths as entrance sections. The entrance sections included a long calming section of length 240 cm (L/D

This study aims to improve the quality of satellites signals in addition to increase accuracy level delivered from handheld GPS data by building up a program to read and decode data of handheld GPS. Where, the NMEA protocol file, which stands for the National Marine Electronics Association, was generated from handheld GPS receivers in real time using in-house design program. The NMEA protocol file provides ability to choose points positions with best status level of satellites such as number of visible satellite, satellite geometry, and GPS mode, which are defined as accuracy factors. In addition to fix signal quality, least squares technique was adopted in this study to minimize the residuals of GPS observations and enh