Iraq's water crisis represents one of the most pressing environmental and socioeconomic challenges facing the country today. This study examines the evolution of water resource problems in Iraq through a comprehensive historical comparison between the pre-2003 period under Saddam Hussein's regime and the post-2003 era following the U.S.-led invasion and subsequent political transformation. The research employs a mixed-method approach, analyzing quantitative data on water flow rates, infrastructure development, and qualitative assessments of policy impacts across both periods. Key findings reveal that while the pre-2003 period was characterized by deliberate environmental destruction, particularly the draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes, and limited upstream dam construction, the post-2003 era has witnessed unprecedented challenges including accelerated upstream damming by neighboring countries, climate change impacts, and institutional fragmentation. Iraq is facing a complex water crisis that is expected to persist. Intake from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers – Iraq's two main sources of water – is decreasing at an unprecedented rate, due to the construction of upstream dams and a prolonged drought. The study demonstrates that current water availability has decreased by approximately 60% compared to historical averages, with the Euphrates experiencing a 73% reduction and the Tigris a 29% reduction during recent drought periods. This research contributes to the understanding of how political transitions, regional geopolitics, and environmental factors interact to shape water security outcomes in post-conflict societies.
POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT AND HYDROLOGICAL DECLINE: IRAQ’S WATER SECURITY TRANSFORMATION BEFORE AND AFTER 2003
Water crisis
Iraq
Tigris-Euphrates basin
water security
post-conflict reconstruction
environmental degradation.
Publication Date
Fri Jun 05 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Studies And Researches Of Sport Education
The effect of using the educational bag on the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weapon
The effect of using the educational bag on the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weaponDr. Lamia Hassan Al-Diwan
D. Fatima Abdel-Maliki
Dr. Kholoud Laith Abdel Karim2005 Technical and technological development has been increasing day after day and has included all areas of life
including the educational process
which has benefited from technologies such as (computer
video
and pictorial models) in introducing them as tools to aid the learning process. Educational packages have proven their effectiveness in education as they prepare learners with different areas of experience. Sensory audio-visual
through which the learner acquires different educational experiences through interaction
practice
participation
and communication with the data of the surrounding environment through the diversity of knowledge sources that suit his inclinations and needs. The research aimed to prepare an educational bag to teach some offensive skills in the epee weapon. And to find out the effect of using the proposed educational bag on the level of learning some offensive skills in the epee weapon. We hypothesized that the proposed educational package has a positive impact on the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weapon. There were statistically significant differences in testing the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weapon between the post-tests of the experimental and control groups
and in favor of the experimental group. The researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of solving the research problem
and the research sample was chosen intentionally from the girls’ fencing club players (beginners) in the governorate. Basra for the year 2005. The number of players was (16)
which represented the entire study population. The experiment was conducted in the sports hall of the South Oil Sports Club in Basra. We concluded that the educational package has a positive impact on the level of learning some offensive skills in the epee weapon. There were statistically significant differences in the learning level test for some offensive skills in the epee weapon between the experimental group and the control group in the post-tests and in favor of the experimental group. We recommended the necessity of using the proposed educational curriculum to learn some offensive skills in the epee weapon in fencing lessons or in sports clubs. Adopting modern techniques in training
teaching or teaching fencing skills and searching for new methods. Conducting similar studies on other skills or different samples.Keywords: educational bag
offensive skills with an epee weapon
fencing game. Teaching methods. Basra Girl Sports ClubLamya Hassan Aldewan [email protected] of Basra - College of Education and Sports Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0377-6915
Keywords
educational bag
offensive skills with an epee weapon
fencing game. Teaching methods. Basra Girl Sports Club