Due to the high mobility and dynamic topology of the FANET network, maintaining communication links between UAVs is a challenging task. The topology of these networks is more dynamic than traditional mobile networks, which raises challenges for the routing protocol. The existing routing protocols for these networks partly fail to detect network topology changes. Few methods have recently been proposed to overcome this problem due to the rapid changes of network topology. We try to solve this problem by designing a new dynamic routing method for a group of UAVs using Hybrid SDN technology (SDN and a distributed routing protocol) with a highly dynamic topology. Comparison of the proposed method performance and two other algorithms is simula

Graphite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using mixture of H2O2/NH4OH with three steps of oxidation. The process of oxidations were analysis by XRD and optics microscopic images which shows clear change in particle size of graphite after every steps of oxidation. The method depend on treatments the graphite with H2O2 in two steps than complete the last steps by reacting with H2O2/NH4OH with equal quantities. The process did not reduces the several sheets for graphite but dispersion the aggregates of multi-sheets carbon when removed the Van Der Waals forces through the oxidation process.

Purpose: To validate a UV-visible spectrophotometric technique for evaluating niclosamide (NIC) concentration in different media across various values of pH. Methods: NIC was investigated using a UV-visible spectrophotometer in acidic buffer solution (ABS) of pH 1.2, deionized water (DW), and phosphate buffer solution (PBS), pH 7.4. The characterization of NIC was done with differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The UV analysis was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, and robustness. Results: The DSC spectra showed a single endothermic peak at 228.43 °C (corresponding to the melting point of NIC), while XRD and FTIR analysis confirmed the identit

Prediction of daily rainfall is important for flood forecasting, reservoir operation, and many other hydrological applications. The artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm is generally used for stochastic forecasting rainfall which is not capable to simulate unseen extreme rainfall events which become common due to climate change. A new model is developed in this study for prediction of daily rainfall for different lead times based on sea level pressure (SLP) which is physically related to rainfall on land and thus able to predict unseen rainfall events. Daily rainfall of east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (PM) was predicted using SLP data over the climate domain. Five advanced AI algorithms such as extreme learning machine (ELM), Bay

This study aimed at some of the criteria used to determine the form of the river basins, and exposed the need to modify some of its limitations. In which, the generalization of the elongation and roundness ratio coefficient criterion was modified, which was set in a range between (0-1). This range goes beyond determining the form of the basin, which gives it an elongated or rounded feature, and the ratio has been modified by making it more detailed and accurate in giving the basin a specific form, not only a general characteristic. So, we reached a standard for each of the basins' forms regarding the results of the elongation and circularity ratios. Thus, circular is (1-0.8), and square is (between 0.8-0.6), the blade or oval form is (0.6-0

Regression Discontinuity (RD) means a study that exposes a definite group to the effect of a treatment. The uniqueness of this design lies in classifying the study population into two groups based on a specific threshold limit or regression point, and this point is determined in advance according to the terms of the study and its requirements. Thus , thinking was focused on finding a solution to the issue of workers retirement and trying to propose a scenario to attract the idea of granting an end-of-service reward to fill the gap ( discontinuity point) if it had not been granted. The regression discontinuity method has been used to study and to estimate the effect of the end -service reward on the cutoff of insured workers as well as t