Esterification reaction is most important reaction in biodiesel production. In this study, oleic acid was used as a suggested feedstock to study and simulate production of biodiesel. Batch esterification of oleic acid was carried out at operating conditions; temperature from 40 to 70 °C, ethanol to oleic acid molar ratio from 1/1 to 6/1, H2SO4 as the catalyst 1 and 5% wt of oleic acid, reaction time up to 180 min. The optimum conditions for the esterification reaction were molar ratio of ethanol/oleic acid 6/1, 5%wt H2SO4 relative to oleic acid, 70 °C, 90 min and conversion of oleic 0.92. The activation energy for the suggested model was 26625 J/mole for forward reaction and 42189 J/mole for equilibrium constant. The obtained results s

In recent decades, the identification of faces with and without masks from visual data, such as video and still images, has become a captivating research subject. This is primarily due to the global spread of the Corona pandemic, which has altered the appearance of the world and necessitated the use of masks as a vital measure for epidemic prevention. Intellectual development based on artificial intelligence and computers plays a decisive role in the issue of epidemic safety, as the topic of facial recognition and identifying individuals who wear masks or not was most prominent in the introduction and in-depth education. This research proposes the creation of an advanced system capable of accurately identifying faces, both with and

Pre-breakdown phenomenon was investigated within the two, non-mixed dielectric liquids; transformation oil and cresol. Finite element technique was used to follow the initiation and growth of plasma channels (streamer discharge) within pin-plane configuration. That was done for different spacing between the pin-electrode and the liquid-liquid interface. Streamer growth model assumed that, the streamer initiation occurs at the region of the highest value of electric field. Our study shows that the streamer initiates at the tip of the pin and growths toward the other electrode. The study shows, too, that the streamer path controlled by the difference of permittivity of the two liquids and spacing distance of the liquid-liquid interface fro

In this study, sawdust as a cheap method and abundant raw material was utilized to produce active carbon (SDAC). Physiochemical activation was utilized where potassium hydroxide   used as a chemical activating agent and carbon dioxide was used as a physical activating agent. Taguchi method of experimental design was used to find the optimum conditions of SDAC production. The produced SDAC was characterized using SEM to investigate surface morphology and BET to estimate the specific surface area. SDAC was used in aqueous lead ions adsorption. Adsorption process was modeled statistically and represented by an empirical model. The highest specific surface area of SDAC was 688.3 m2/gm. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to

Oxidation of sulfur compounds in fuel followed by an adsorption process were studied using two modes of operation, batch mode and continuous mode (fixed bed). In batch experiment oxidation process of kerosene with sulfur content 2360 ppm was achieved to study the effect of amount of hydrogen peroxide(2.5, 4, 6 and 10) ml at different temperature(40, 60 and 70)°C. Also the effect of amount acetic acid was studied  at the optimal conditions of the oxidation step(4ml H₂O₂ and 60 °C).Besides, the role of acetic acid different temperatures(40, 60, 70) °C and 4ml H₂O₂, effect of reaction time(5, 30, 60, 120, 300) minutes at temperatures(40,60) °C, 4ml H₂O₂ and 1 mlHAC)&

The study aims to evaluate the removal of sulfur content from Iraqi light naphtha produced in Al-Dora refinery by adsorption desulfurization DS technique using modified activated carbon MAC loaded with nickel Ni and copper Cu as single binary metals. The experiments were carried in a batch unit with various operating parameters;  MAC dosage, agitation speed, and a contact time of 300 min at constant initial sulfur concentration 155 ppm and temperature. The results showed higher DS% by AC/Ni-Cu (66.45)% at 500 rpm and 1 g dosage than DS (29.03)% by activated carbon AC, increasing MAC dosage, agitation speed, and contact time led to increasing DS% values.  The adsorption capacity of MAC results was recorded (16, 15, and 20) mg sulfu

The finding of novel pollutants in a multitude of surface water bodies worldwide has recently caused environmentalists to face challenges. Therefore, the development of low-cost, efficient technologies is required to provide a safe, pollution-free water environment. The attapulgite surface was used in this study because it has a good absorbent surface for removing bromocresol purple dye from its aqueous solutions. Because attapulgite has a high absorption capacity, it can be used to remove pollutants in both its normal and modified states. Factors affecting adsorption were studied, such as the weight of the adsorbent surface, the initial concentration of the adsorbent, contact time, and the effect of temperature. Clay was ground, cleaned mu

The finding of novel pollutants in a multitude of surface water bodies worldwide has recently caused environmentalists to face challenges. Therefore, the development of low-cost, efficient technologies is required to provide a safe, pollution-free water environment. The attapulgite surface was used in this study because it has a good absorbent surface for removing bromocresol purple dye from its aqueous solutions. Because attapulgite has a high absorption capacity, it can be used to remove pollutants in both its normal and modified states. Factors affecting adsorption were studied, such as the weight of the adsorbent surface, the initial concentration of the adsorbent, contact time, and the effect of temperature. Clay was ground, cleaned mu

تقدم هذه الدراسة وصفا للطريقة المستخدمة في تحضير الكربون المنشط  (AC)من بقايا الشاي. تم دراسة الخواص الفيزيائية والكيميائية وكفاءة الامتزاز للكربون المنشط المحضر. تم إنتاج الكربون المنشط (AC) على مرحلتين: الاولى التنشيط باستخدام حامض الفوسفوريك (H3PO4) والثانية الكربنة عند درجة حرارة 450 درجة مئوية. استخدم الكربون المنشط لغرض امتصاص العقار الدوائي السيبروفلوكساسين(CIP) . تمت  دراسة عدة عوامل تشغيلية  بدرجة حرار