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Agricultural Irrigation Pricing: Review of Theories and Practices
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Abstract<p>Water pricing and substitution of the costs of irrigation investment operation and maintenance have been controversial issues for a long time. The small charges for irrigation water are addressed, and additionally, the low level of farmers who pay the costs. In a few schemes, expense accumulation rates are close to zero, notwithstanding when water charges are well beneath the cost of operation and maintenance. Water prices are charged to farmers for two essential objectives. The first is to cover the operation and maintenance estimation with the goal that the investment is fiscally practical. Much of the time, costs will likewise need to incorporate a price for the cost of capital required to develop the scheme. This charge for capital is fundamental for future irrigation system investment. The second reason involves estimation to help farmers utilize less water per unit of yield or to deliver more prominent net economic returns per unit of water, or both.</p><p>This paper summarizes irrigation water pricing methodologies and the related academic literature. Three water pricing methods are presented: volumetric, non‐volumetric and water market. For each methodology, potential impacts on water usage are postulated and supported by a summary of the academic literature. In addition, a summarized case study of irrigation water‐pricing practices and effects in Iraq is presented. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p>
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Publication Date
Sun Nov 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery
A Clinicopathologic Review of 21 Cases of Head and Neck Primary Tuberculosis
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Purpose A diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) of the head and neck has been a dilemma for clinicians, because the clinical and pathologic features tend to mimic different pathologies. Our study aimed to identify the demographic, clinical, and pathologic features of head and neck TB to help healthcare providers in the early detection of the disease. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis using the medical archives at the pathology laboratory. Twenty-one patients with a clinical and pathologic diagnosis of head and neck TB were identified from 2010 to 2019. Results The age distribution was broad, with 28.5% of the patients younger than 15 years old. Seven patients had oral TB, with the most common sites affected the labial ves

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Publication Date
Tue Feb 14 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Effectiveness of Teaching Practices of Science and Mathematics Teachers Based on the National Framework for Future Skills in the Omani School
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Abstract

The research aims to identify the level of effectiveness of the teaching practices of science and mathematics teachers in light of the national framework for future skills in Omani schools. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers used the descriptive approach, as he designed a note card consisting of (30) phrases distributed on three axes: basic skills, practical skills, and technical skills. After verifying the validity and reliability of the tools, they were applied to a sample of (116) teachers. The results of the research revealed that the level of effectiveness of the teaching practices of mathematics teachers has recorded a medium degree with a mean (3.05). The results a

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Publication Date
Sat Jul 01 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Using of Constructed Wetlands in The Treatment of Wastewater: A Review for Operation and Performance: Review for Using of Constructed Wetlands in The Treatment of Wastewater: Operation and Performance
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Wastewater recycling for non-potable uses has gained significant attention to mitigate the high pressure on freshwater resources. This requires using a sustainable technique to treat natural municipal wastewater as an alternative to conventional methods, especially in arid and semi-arid rural areas. One of the promising techniques applied to satisfy the objective of wastewater reuse is the constructed wetlands (CWs) which have been used extensively in most countries worldwide through the last decades. The present study introduces a significant review of the definition, classification, and components of CWs, identifying the mechanisms controlling the removal process within such units. Vertical, horizontal, and hybrid CWs

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 01 2022
Journal Name
Scientific Research Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science
Cryptography Techniques - A Review
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Publication Date
Mon Sep 30 2024
Journal Name
Tikrit Journal Of Administrative And Economic Sciences
Ambidextrous Leadership: Literature Review
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The goal of the research is to theoretically establish the variable of brilliant leadership and explain the importance of this variable and the philosophical orientation of researchers in taking it as an original variable in their research as an independent variable. The descriptive approach and theoretical framing of brilliant leadership were followed. We relied on secondary data represented by books, dissertations, dissertations, scientific research, and the information network (the Internet) as a tool for collecting data. The scientific value was represented by the importance of consolidating brilliant leadership and reviewing the most important things that were confirmed by the research and studies that dealt with this research.

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Publication Date
Mon Jul 18 2022
Journal Name
World Bulletin Of Public Health (wbph)
WASTEWATER TREATMENTS: A REVIEW
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Many water supplies are now contaminated by anthropogenic sources such as domestic and agricultural waste, as well as manufacturing activities, the public's concern about the environmental effects of wastewater contamination has grown. Several traditional wastewater treatment methods, such as chemical coagulation, adsorption, and activated sludge, have been used to eliminate pollution; however, there are several drawbacks, most notably high operating costs, because of its low operating and repair costs, the usage of aerobic waste water treatment as a reductive medium is gaining popularity. Furthermore, it is simple to produce and has a high efficacy and potential to degrade pollu

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Publication Date
Mon Oct 17 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of The Faculty Of Medicine Baghdad
Review on Viral Encephalitis-
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Background: Inflammation of the brain parenchyma brought on by a virus is known as viral encephalitis. It coexists frequently with viral meningitis and is the most prevalent kind of encephalitis. Objectives: To throw light on viral encephalitis, its types, epidemiology, symptoms and complications. Results: Although it can affect people of all ages, viral infections are the most prevalent cause of viral encephalitis, which is typically seen in young children and old people. Arboviruses, rhabdoviruses, enteroviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, orthomyxoviruses, orthopneumoviruses, and coronaviruses are just a few of the viruses that have been known to cause encephalitis. Conclusion: As new viruses emerge, diagnostic techniques advan

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2023
Journal Name
International Journal Of Research In Social Sciences &amp; Humanities
Corporate Governance: Article Review
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The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive definition of corporate governance and to review the existing literature on the subject. The researchers examine various corporate governance theories, including agency theory, stakeholder theory, and resource-based theory. The study concludes by emphasizing that the primary goal of corporate governance theories is not to examine how managers govern but rather to analyze how governance operates in an company.

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 12 2026
Journal Name
Economic Sciences
Subject Review: Strategic mind
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Publication Date
Wed Nov 29 2023
Journal Name
International Journal Of Advances In Scientific Research And Engineering (ijasre), Issn:2454-8006, Doi: 10.31695/ijasre
Yolo Versions Architecture: Review
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Deep learning techniques are applied in many different industries for a variety of purposes. Deep learning-based item detection from aerial or terrestrial photographs has become a significant research area in recent years. The goal of object detection in computer vision is to anticipate the presence of one or more objects, along with their classes and bounding boxes. The YOLO (You Only Look Once) modern object detector can detect things in real-time with accuracy and speed.&nbsp; A neural network from the YOLO family of computer vision models makes one-time predictions about the locations of bounding rectangles and classification probabilities for an image. In layman's terms, it is a technique for instantly identifying and recognizing

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