Background: Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) affect 1-3% of the population and impose substantial pain-related morbidity, yet vascular pain remains underrecognized in clinical practice and research. Objectives: This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies for VLU-associated pain. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (January 2015-July 2025) following SANRA guidelines. Search terms included "vascular pain", "venous leg ulcer", "chronic venous disease" and related terminology. Studies addressing pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic interventi

There are serious environmental problems in all countries of the world, due to the waste material such as crushed clay bricks (CCB) and in huge quantities resulting from the demolition of buildings. In order to reduce the effects of this problem as well as to preserve natural resources, it is possible to work on recycling (CCB) and to use it in the manufacture of environmentally friendly loaded building units by replacing percentages in coarse aggregate by volume. It can be used as a powder and replacing of percentages in cement by weight and study the effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete and the masonry unit. Evaluation of its performance through workability, dry density, compressive strength, thermal conduct

            This paper is interested in certain  subclasses of univalent and bi-univalent functions concerning  to shell- like curves connected with k-Fibonacci numbers involving modified Sigmoid activation function θ(t)=2/(1+e^(-t) ) ,t ≥0 in unit disk |z|<1 . For estimating of the initial coefficients |c_2 | , |c_3 |, Fekete-Szego ̈ inequality and the  second Hankel determinant have been investigated for the functions in our classes. 

Objectives: Bone remodeling usually depends on complex molecular signaling, where receptor activator of NF-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) serve as key modulators that regulate osteoclastogenesis and overall bone metabolism process. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the influence of different graft materials on RANKL and OPG expression following alveolar ridge preservation. Methods: An electronic search of the literature was performed in Embase via Ovid, Medline via Ovid, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases, in addition to a manual search regarding all related articles. PRISMA guidelines and PICO framework were followed in this systematic review. The inclusion criteria were limited to English-published studies

Introduction: Although it is discouraged, community pharmacy customers can obtain oral corticosteroids (OCSs) without prescriptions from some community pharmacies in Iraq. Medication abuse is defined as the use of medication for non-medical reasons. Objectives: The study aimed to determine demographics, beliefs, and perceptions associated with the abuse of oral corticosteroids for non-illness reasons among community pharmacy customers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in fall 2018 in four provinces in Iraq. Customers of 19 community pharmacies asking for OCSs for themselves without a prescription were administered a paper survey. This study used the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to measure the relation

Purpose:  To evaluate the effect of intravitreal Aflibercept injection on wet AMD both functionally and anatomically after loading doses. The secondary aim is to evaluate the effect of risk factors including (gender, age, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes meatus) on the patient’s response. Study Design:  Interventional case series. Place and Duration of Study:  Al-Haitham Eyes Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, from November 2021 and September 2022. Methods:  Fifty eyes of 47 patients with treatment naïve wet AMD were selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected for age, gender, smoking, and chronic disease. Clinical examination, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), optical coherence tomography angiography

Throughout Agriculture has mostly relied on the use of natural fertilizers throughout human history, which are compounds that increase the nitrogen levels in the soil. Modern agriculture was made possible by the introduction of synthetic fertilizers at the end of the 19th centuryproduction of agriculture. Their application enhanced crop yields and sparked an agricultural revolution unlike anything the world had ever seen.In the near future, synthetic fertilizers are anticipated to continue to have a significant impa ct on human life, both positively and negatively. They are frequently utilized for producing all t ypes of crops and are essential to plant growth. The significance of synthetic fertilizers is their ability to provide the soil w

This study presented more than twenty books that dealt with the subject of (Weights of the Tawshih art), whether their study was independent and dedicated the art of Tawshih as a part of book. Therefore, the review of the sources and references on the art of the Tawshih is not specific for place or time, it was a broad and comprehensive review of all the places where the muwashahat appeared in the east and west, Andalusia was one of the most important areas covered by the study arbic Maghreb and Iraq. The art of tawshih took different forms according to the countries in which they appeared. Muwashahat is a new art that appeared in Andalusia, its main goal was to renew the Khalilian weights and to find the poetic rhythm that fits with the so

The issue of auditing contracts according to the related services is one of the important topics It has also become necessary to develop traditional procedures and auditing according to international standards to improve the profession of accounting and auditing. From this standpoint, the research aims to indicate the reflection of the contracting audit in accordance with the related services on the auditor's report. in line with the new directions regarding the need to adopt international standards in the Iraqi environment as the research problem focused on the non-comprehensiveness of the audit programs that deal with auditing contracts according to assurance commitments to contribute obtaining Governing evidence, The research