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The contractual budget: the ideal technique in planning and implementing capital budgeting projects: a strategy of preparing the contractual budget for Baghdad local government
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Public budget is the government's tool in achieving the objectives of economic and social development is the accounting curriculum to estimate state revenues and expenditures for years to come, as well as to have legal status as it is after the adoption of an official statement of government units to spend funds on items planned at the same time is a statement collect resources to finance these appropriations, if the primary objective of the budget initially limited to the achievement of financial and legislative control have evolved this function in the area of public administration turned attention from mere imposition of control over the money, which provides information to assist the Department to utilize available resources and programs to achieve efficient, effective and economic link between inputs ( expenditure) and output (objectives achieved); it took give the rationale of the appropriation request is when you view the budget on the legislative authority is linked to programs and activities to be performed by government regulations during the period of the budget.

              The increased government activity and responsibilities of the State showed a defect in the government accounting system and the traditional balance in the provision of information to support management strategy showed the need to reform the budget system have yet to include elements of strategic planning and management efficiency in the completion of the work and the optimal use of resources, the wording of the strategic concept of the interest must be the governmental unit to study the external environment to identify opportunities, risks and potential internal study to determine the strengths and weaknesses and the need to develop accounting systems to provide information appropriate to the decision-making advanced, the complexity of the work environment in public administration, which required the expansion of the accounting information provided by the output of what the government accounting system using a system of management accounting strategy tend to focus on the future provision of external information to support management and the adoption of strategic planning, programming and budget, the best source of information on the budget and clearly understood by local governments, linking strategic planning and budget preparation for a sophisticated system support load balancing contractual shift budget to projects with four dimensions of work and specifications and the time required for completion and cost of speculative finance and this is what facilitates the process of implementation and control and is efficient in performance between funds being earmarked and objectives.  
              Goal of establishing local governments based on the principle of administrative decentralization is to provide services and the establishment of infrastructure projects as not only the funding for these projects to assignments of the general budget, but may be through loans or participation with the private sector, create a way BOT.  

              The financial reports prepared by government units must meet the requirements of the minimum financial statements identified by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board and such reports are comprehensive and cover the funds all government activities including disclosure required and a  commitment to accepted accounting principles and standards.

              States have adopted the modern system of administrative decentralization is the transfer of responsibility for planning and funding of public services and management to local government and under the responsibility accounting system can achieve control depending on the budget system as a low cost, timing and quality measures

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Publication Date
Thu Oct 18 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Effect of Attitudes in the ethics of the public job of the individual
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Attitude is an important subject that has attracted researchers and thinkers in organizational theory and organizational behavior because of its great importance in various field studies. Field evidence suggests that individuals in their daily lives or careers respond to specific events through a set of internal tendencies Internal tendencies are negative or positive and systematic. These trends tend to be invisible, not limited to certain boundaries, and involve a significant number of individuals within organizations or society.

 The research aims to identify the impact of trends in the ethics of public service workers for individuals, through a sample of (72) doctors and (60) administrative staff

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 01 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Philosophy of resolving the forces of contradiction in the theory of the organization
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The current research aims to provide a philosophical and knowledge framework  to explain the issue of organizations dealing with Paradox phenomena by focusing on five main aspects. The first deals with the concept of paradox, and the second aspect deals with the types of forces paradox. While the third aspect regards subject of the philosophy of paradox in organization theory and the fourth side deals with methods of   solving the paradox. Finally, the last side is exposed to the subject of the paradoxes of the three provided by the study (L

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 01 2022
Journal Name
International Journal Of Research In Social Sciences & Humanities
Intellectual property rights and its implications for the pharmaceutical industry in Iraq under accession to the World Trade Organization
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The main risks arising from the WTO Agreement are the inequality and lack of competitiveness of most pharmaceutical goods, as well as the fact that Iraq is a net importer of medicines that are at the core of consumer needs, The subject matter of the Convention on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and its implications for the pharmaceutical industry, in particular, coinciding with the situation of financial and administrative corruption, all of which has resulted in drug fraud in the Iraqi market and its impact on public health. The control of medical technology, the persistence of the technological gap and its effects on high price levels, and the fact that domestic drug producers are obliged to obtain production licenses from

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Publication Date
Tue Jul 21 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Bone density determination for the maxilla and the mandible in different age groups by using computerized tomography (Part I)
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Background: Mini implant stability is primarily related to local bone density; no studies have evaluated bone density related to mini implant placement for orthodontic anchorage between different age groups in the maxilla and the mandible. The present research aims to evaluate side, gender, age, and regional differences in bone density of the alveolar bone at various orthodontic implant sites. Materials and method: Fifty three individuals who were divided into two groups according to their age into: group I (ages 16-20 years) and group II (ages 21-29 years) had subjected to clinical examination, then 64-multislice computed tomography scan data were evaluated and bone density was measured in Hounsfield unit at 102 points (51 in the maxilla

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 06 2022
Journal Name
International Journal Of Research In Social Sciences And Humanities
Intellectual property rights and its implications for the pharmaceutical industry in Iraq under accession to the World Trade Organization
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The main risks arising from the WTO Agreement are the inequality and lack of competitiveness of most pharmaceutical goods, as well as the fact that Iraq is a net importer of medicines that are at the core of consumer needs, The subject matter of the Convention on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and its implications for the pharmaceutical industry, in particular, coinciding with the situation of financial and administrative corruption, all of which has resulted in drug fraud in the Iraqi market and its impact on public health. The control of medical technology, the persistence of the technological gap and its effects on high price levels, and the fact that domestic drug producers are obliged to obtain production licens

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 28 2024
Journal Name
Journal Of Physical Education
The effect of using special intense exercise accompanied by intermittent electrical stimulation to get rid of lower neck pain among professors of the College of Science - University of Baghdad for ages (40-60) years
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Lower neck pain is one of the problems facing all ages, especially the elderly, as it revolves around the causes of this pain from many diverse factors. The aim of the research is to use special intense exercise accompanied by intermittent electrical stimulation to get rid of lower neck pain among professors of the College of Science - University of Baghdad for ages. (40-60) years and to identify the extent of the effect. The research assumed the presence of statistically significant differences. The research sample represented professors at the University of Baghdad - College of Science who suffer from continuous pain for the period between (10/15/2023) and (1/15/) 2024) and their number is (5), The researchers used the experimenta

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 02 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Poverty and its Relations to Some Social Variables (Children in the Primary Stage as a Model)
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The phenomenon of poverty is one of the most important phenomena facing the world at large. Despite the tremendous technological progress witnessed by mankind and despite the unprecedented high levels of world economic production, poverty remains the greatest challenge facing the world. Statistics and studies have shown that poverty is caused by several problems: (health, social, economic, educational, etc.) These problems are obstacles to the ability to obtain employment opportunities, which leads in the beginning to the growth phenomenon of unemployment, and ultimately to the growth of poverty.

The results of a range of research in the field of psychology have confirmed that children from poor homes suffer from a high level of

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 20 2019
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
Transitional justice in light of the change in the Arab region
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Many changes took place in a number of Arab countries, most of which ended with the change of the ruling leadership and a new coming. The same change brought about the hopes of the people to turn the page of the past into a democracy through which to overcome the grievances of previous years and achieve justice in all its aspects. The same new grievances have been added to that precedent and justice has not yet been achieved. Here we try to address the justice that is applied in the stages of change or transitional stages, which have been called, ie transitional justice, which has mechanisms and conditions of different application between countries, each of which the conditions applied in them and through a review of these mechanisms bet

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 15 2020
Journal Name
Al-academy
Abstraction between the Symbol and the Code in the Artistic Painting: سحر عبد الكاظم غانم
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Abstraction showed a case of distinction between art schools, in which reality was reduced using overlapping artistic elements and techniques to reach the artist's self-realization when abstracting the reality, and searching for implicit implications for the content of the artistic painting.

Building a system of relations and formulations between abstracting the reality of the physical forms and employing the symbols and codes to convey a message to the recipient who interacts with what he watches through the processes of explanation, interpretation, and linking the particles and reveal the pure aesthetics for the artwork.

Thus the current research deals with the following chapters and sections: the methodological framewo

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 30 2008
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
The judiciary in Jerusalem in the Islamic era
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God created man with a social nature, that is, man cannot live alone, but there must be a society associated with him. And when God addressed Adam, the first of His creation, he addressed him with the speech of the Muthanna to him and his wife. “This tree, then you will be among the wrongdoers” (Al-Baqara: 35), and thus was the divine discourse for the first human experience on earth. It accommodates a social relationship, which is (the family), husband and wife. And since a person needs to meet, as Ibn Khaldun said: (The human meeting is necessary, and the wise men express this by saying (the human being is of course civil)) (). And as it is known that with the meeting, relations arise from love and hate, cooperation and struggle, a

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