The Ottomans ruled Turkey for nearly six centuries, during which the Ottoman Empire passed through varying periods in terms of strength, influence, and the area of ​​land they ruled.  In the last decade of its rule, the Ottoman Empire was severely weakened in all political, military, administrative and economic aspects. In addition to the internal strife that was stirred up by the leaders of the Association (Union and Progression), that organization that led the coup movement against the Ottoman Empire later.

After the abolition of the Sultanate and the proclamation of the Turkish Republic, the social fabric in Turkey changed, and many customs and traditions alien to it emerged to society. One of the thing

Citizenship education is the effective educational tool in building a citizen who is able to participate in building his country. This can only come through the educational efforts that teachers make in the classroom. Such a step requires teachers to have knowledge of citizenship education, its principles, and the foundations for its development. Thus, the study aims to examine the degree of social studies teachers' knowledge of the dimensions of citizenship education at the basic education schools in the Sultanate of Oman. It also aims to examine its relationship with a set of variables. The researchers used the quantitative descriptive approach to achieve the objectives of the study. It further adopted a test tool, which consisted in i

يمثل الفهم الصحيح لادوار وأشكال الادارات العامة في سعيها لإنجاز الأهداف تلبية للاحتياجات المجتمعية عبر مؤسساتها العامة ، بعداً إستراتيجياً في الأداء الفعال والكفء لهذه الادارات ، وقد كان للتطورات الحاصلة في البيئة الخارجية دوراً مؤثرا أسهم في دفع العديد من الدول لإعادة النظر في أجهزتها الإدارية العامة لتحسين مقدرتها على مواجهة التغيرات المتسارعة والتوجه نحو اعتماد مداخل واستراتيجيات إبداعية حديثة في الع

في تعزيز بيئة الانتاج الرشيق استخدام اسلوب S -5

Arabic calligraphy has a special status as one of the most important oriental arts, which has been enhanced by the Islamic value. The Arabic fonts have been diverse in their classification into soft lines such as Diwani, thuluth and patch lines and others, and geometrical lines such as Kufic lines and their various types. The contemporary artist was also able to adapt the Arabic calligraphy of all kinds in the construction of the painting or line formations, especially after the development of the artistic digital techniques and computer software. Here comes the role of the industrial designer as being more in touch with the practical, technical and productive life, which requires great care in adapting the line formations of the Arabic

Communication has seen a big advancement through ages; concepts, procedures and technologies, it has also seen a similar advancement of language. What unites language and media is the fact that each one of them guides and contributes to the other; media exists and results from language and from the other sign systems, and what strengthens this connection is the symbolic language system, as media helps it by providing knowledge and information. The change that occurred through time must leave a significant trace in the media, for example Diction, which has changed concerning development and growth, also the ways and mediums of media have become manifold and widespread. This change affected the recipient whether it was a reader, listener o

Industries copper a craft that requires precision and patience great in the processes of industrialization and execution of product launches brass designs and a variety of forms , and the goal of research into the possibility of the use of modern technologies in the development of industries copper local , and identifies research study models of industries copper local to the city of Baghdad , and are available in the markets for the period from (200 - 2011) , Chapter II Multi industries copper local and technical in the copper industry , and after analysis models the sample was the most important conclusions : can work forms a multi- product copper formations deep or window using the technique work motifs and patterns. - formations deco

أستأثر الاتجاه نحو مفهوم العولمة اهتمام العديد من الباحثين والدارسين رغم حداثته نسبياً ، فهي كظاهرة ما زالت في طور التكوين ، الا انها غزت كل المجالات وتناولها الجميع بمختلف اهتماماتهم فتصدى للحديث عنها المثقفون والسياسيون والاجتماعيون والاقتصاديون الا انه في الوقت نفسه الكتابات والبحوث المعمقة في هذا الجانب ما زالت قليلة ويظل بذلك هذا المفهوم من اكثر المفاهيم المتداولة جاذبية واثارة للجدل عند العام

Objectives: To determine the impact of the household hazardous waste’s aspects upon the environment
pollution .and to identify the relationship between the households’ demographic characteristics and the aspects
of household hazardous waste.
Methodology: A descriptive study is conducted between December 14th 2004 to October 20th 2005that uses of
an assessment tool. A probability (simple random sampling) of (336) principal’s households which is selected
from the zones around the (14) primary health care centers as focal points, (8) in the urban and (6) in the rural
areas of Baghdad Governorate. After reliability and validity were determined Data are collected through the use
of an assessment tool that is consist

Metaphor is one of the most important linguistic phenomena of the artistic text, as it is the expression of the author’s emotions and evaluations, the result of a deep inner transformation of the semantic words and visual means of reflecting the national culture of each people. This paper examines the concept of linguistic metaphors and analyzes its types in the Russian and Arabic linguistics, provides a comparative analysis of metaphors in Russian and Arabic — all this allows to conclude that metaphorization is characteris- tic of different parts of speech. In the Russian language stylistic differentiation of the metaphors expressed more than in Arabic, so translation of many “sty- listic” metaphors from Russian into Arabic due to