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Comparative Study of Water Desalination using Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Electro-dialysis Systems (ED): Review
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The increasing drinking water demand in many countries leads to an increase in the use of desalination plants, which are considered a great solution for water treatment processes. Reverse osmosis (RO) and electro-dialysis (ED) systems are the most popular membrane processes used to desalinate water at high salinity. Both systems work by separating the ionic contaminates and disposing of them as a brine solution, but ED uses electrical current as a driving force while RO uses osmotic pressure. A direct comparison of reverse osmosis and electro-dialysis systems is needed to highlight process development similarities and variances. This work aims to provide an overview of previous studies on reverse osmosis and electro-dialysis systems related to membrane module and design processes; energy consumption; cost analysis; operational problems; efficiency of saline removal; and environmental impacts of brine disposal. RO system uses osmotic pressure as a driving force to force water through the membrane with less energy than other desalination systems. The enhancements in membrane materials and power recovery of the unit have massively decreased the price of RO units. ED system uses an electrical current to push dissolved ions across ion exchange membranes. The results of this review showed that desalination plants must be integrated with renewable energy to reduce power consumption and costs related to energy. Various technologies, including treatment processes and disposal methods, must be used to control concentrated solutions resulting from desalination processes because 5 to 33% of the total cost of the desalination process is associated with brine disposal.

 

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 02 2013
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Taxonomical and Comparative morphological study for two wild species of the genus Chaenorhinum (D.C.) Reichb. (Scrophulariaceae) in Iraq.
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Comparative morphological study has been treated for two species of the genus Chaenorhinum (D.C.) Richb., These species were: 1. Chaenorhinum calycinum 2. Chaenorhinum rubrifolium (Robill. & cast. Ex Lam. & DC.) Fourr. The genus belong to the family Scorphulariaceae. Morphological characters has been studies for: root, stem, leaves, flowers (calyx, corolla, androcium including filaments and anthers, gynocium including ovary, style and stigma), fruits and seeds also has been characterized. Key for there two species presented using some quantitative characters. Other characters like shape of fruits and seeds were used too, and they were of a useful taxonomic value

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 01 2013
Journal Name
The Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal
Comparative Study Between Glimepiride and Glibenclamide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Al-Yarmouk Hospital
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Comparative Study Between Glimepiride and Glibenclamide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Al-Yarmouk Hospital

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Publication Date
Thu Apr 18 2019
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
Comparative study of anterior knee pain after patelloplasty with and without circumferential denervation in a total knee arthroplasty
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Background: The anterior knee pain is an important chief complaint of the patients with knee osteoarthritis due to patellofemoral pathology. The pain receptors denervation can be achieved by circumferential denervation of the patellar area by a process of electrocautery.

Objectives: The aim of current study is to assess the pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by patelloplastywith and without circumferential denervation via electrocautery at a minimum follow up with 1 year separately for each patient.

Type of the study:Cross- sectional study.

Methods: Thirty five patients,with mean age of about (62.8) years, were enrolled in this pros

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Publication Date
Tue Oct 01 2019
Journal Name
Biochem. Cell. Arch
MORPHOLOGICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE STOMACH IN THE FELIS CATUS (DOMESTIC CAT) AND SCIURUS CAROLINESIS (EASTERN GRAY SQURRIEL)
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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2024
Journal Name
Corporate And Business Strategy Review
The role of governance mechanisms in trust-building strategies: A comparative analytical study in public and private banks
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The study aims to build a model that enhances trust-building for public and private banks to compare and determine the significant differences between public and private banks, by testing the impact of governance mechanisms (transparency, accountability, justice, independence, and social responsibility) (Agere, 2000) on trust-building strategies (trust and trust building, people management, work relations, training and development, leadership practices, and communications) (Ngalo, 2011; Stone et al., 2005), to indicate the level of employees’ awareness of the theoretical contents of the two variables and their importance to banking work, with the aim of improving performance. The main question is the role of governance mechanisms

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 02 2013
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Taxonomical and Comparative morphological study for two wild species of the genus Chaenorhinum (D.C.) Reichb. (Scrophulariaceae) in Iraq.
...Show More Authors

Comparative morphological study has been treated for two species of the genus Chaenorhinum (D.C.) Richb., These species were: 1. Chaenorhinum calycinum 2. Chaenorhinum rubrifolium (Robill. & cast. Ex Lam. & DC.) Fourr. The genus belong to the family Scorphulariaceae. Morphological characters has been studies for: root, stem, leaves, flowers (calyx, corolla, androcium including filaments and anthers, gynocium including ovary, style and stigma), fruits and seeds also has been characterized. Key for there two species presented using some quantitative characters. Other characters like shape of fruits and seeds were used too, and they were of a useful taxonomic value

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Publication Date
Wed Jul 31 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
A Comparative Study of Various Intelligent Optimization Algorithms Based on Path Planning and Neural Controller for Mobile Robot
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In this paper, a cognitive system based on a nonlinear neural controller and intelligent algorithm that will guide an autonomous mobile robot during continuous path-tracking and navigate over solid obstacles with avoidance was proposed. The goal of the proposed structure is to plan and track the reference path equation for the autonomous mobile robot in the mining environment to avoid the obstacles and reach to the target position by using intelligent optimization algorithms. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithms are used to finding the solutions of the mobile robot navigation problems in the mine by searching the optimal paths and finding the reference path equation of the optimal

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Publication Date
Mon Mar 01 2021
Journal Name
Energy Ecological Environment
Removal of pathogenic bacteria from synthetic contaminated water using packed bed silver nanoparticle-coated substrates
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In this study, a packed bed was used to remove pathogenic bacteria from synthetic contaminated water. Two types of packing material substrates, sand and zeolite, were used. These substrates were coated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which were prepared by decomposition of Ag ions from AgNO3 solution. The prepared coated packings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The packed column consisted of a PVC cylinder of 2 cm diameter and 20 cm in length. The column was packed with silver nanoparticlecoated substrates (sand or zeolite) at a depth of 10 cm. Four types of bacteria were studied: Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aerugi

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Publication Date
Mon Jul 10 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Uptake of Fluoride from Water Using Recycled Raw Beef Bone as an Environmently Freindly Waste
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Excessive intake of fluoride, mainly through drinking water is a serious health hazard affecting humans worldwide. In this study, the defluoridation capacities of locally available raw waste beef bones have been estimated. Several experimental parameters including contact time, pH, bone dose, fluoride initial concentration, bone grains size, agitation rate, and the effect of co-existence of anions in actual samples of wastewater were studied for fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. Results indicated excellent fluoride removal effeciency up to 99.7% at fluoride initial concentration of 10 mg F/L and 120 min contact time. Maximum fluoride uptake was obtained at neutral pH range 6-7. Fluoride removal kinetic was well described by the ps

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 09 2017
Journal Name
International Journal Of Science And Research (ijsr)
Comparative Study of Sevelamer Carbonate and Calcium Carbonate on Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 and Parathyroid Hormone in Hemodialysis Iraqi Patients
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Fibroblast growth factor-23, play an important role in atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and vascular calcification. Sevelamer can improve vascular calcification, serum uric acid, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and Fibroblast growth factor-23. Aim of study Assessment the effect of sevelamer as phosphate binder against calcium carbonate on Fibroblast growth factor-23. Methods A prospective open-labelled study that included patients on hemodialysis. A total of 72 patients were screened, only 53 patients completed the 10 week period. Adults patients with serum phosphate as> 5.5 mg/dl were included. There were Group1: Includes 28 patients (19 males and 9 females receiving sevelamer carbonate (Renvela) tablet. Group 2: Include 25pati

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