Abstract Leishmania species are intracellular protozoan parasites that spend a portion of their life cycle in the midgut of sand flies and the remainder in the tissues of mammals. These parasites, which cause a class of human disorders known as leishmaniasis, live mostly in macrophages, where they multiply and survive by employing a variety of defense mechanisms against the oxidative stress and acidity generated by these immune cells. To help control their reaction to heat stress, they also produce heat shock proteins. Furthermore, the promastigote form has a glycocalyx that is necessary for colonizing the gut wall of the sand fly and completing its life cycle. Consequently, a variety of virulence factors contribute to the parasite's pathog

The family Ormyridae has been very much neglected by workers and only two species has been recorded so far from Iraq. The present study, based mainly on my collection, deals with five species, of which one is new to science. The new species is described together with notes on locality data, host records, distribution and taxonomical remarks for all the species.

1- That the Jewish minority, was considered one of Iraq`s 1864-1952 main religious minorities ,and has the therights by the Iraqi constitution approved by the Iraqi peopel in addition to the items all ocated py the minorities includiny the Jewish minority .He also bledged formaly before the Nations council to get its independence and to respect the rights of minorities . 2- The Jews who have completed primary education in Jweish and government schools Increased the number so that it seemed that the percentage of illiterate males was zero and the female was not high and as aresult of the increasing number of primary school graduates, so it was need to open addition secondary schools, also increased the number of high school graduates from

Despite the history of Baghdad city extends into a long history, most of the contemporary buildings of Baghdad have been shaped in the era of modernity. Furthermore, most of the buildings of modernity in Baghdad are types of modernity buildings in Iraq as a whole, and due to all the joints of change and development are taking place in Iraq starts from Baghdad. Accordingly, all selected buildings, which would be presented as case studies of modernity will be exclusively in Baghdad. Although the importance of this significant modernist product, which represents the identity of Baghdad, which should be preserved by the renewal and preservation policies, the problem of research was emerged as follow: new fin

The development issue is considered as one of the most important matters of concern to governments, intellectuals and specialists in the contemporary world, especially in developing countries that are trying hard to move out of the afflicting underdevelopment domain to a brighter future and achieve the aspirations of those countries through organized planning which take advantage of available resources, whether material or humanitarian, in the best way possible.
The development process are taking place at multiple levels ranging from national to regional to local where the community is stimulated and excited for the cooperation, participation and preparation to perform planned change in the methods of thinking, acting and production.<

The study includes the epipelic algae in Hemren reservoir, for the period between Januarys to October 2000 .The samples were collected from three selected sites at north, middle and south of reservoir. A total of 96 taxa of epipelic algae were identified. The diatoms were the dominated by 82 taxa represented 85.4% of the total identified species, followed by blue-green algae (cyanophyta) of 6.3 taxa (6%), and then green algae (chlorophyta) of 5.2 taxa (5%). One species was recorded for each crysophyta, euglenophyta and pyrrophyta. The seasonal variation for the cell density showed two peaks during spring and autumn seasons. Few species were dominated during the most studied period such as Achnanthes minutissima, Navicula cryptocephala

الخلاصة

اهتم الفكر السياسي في القرنين الاخيرين بدراسة الطبقات على نحو غير مسبوق, واصبح موضوع التحليل الطبقي المعني بالطبقات من حيث تعريفها, وتحديد موقعها في السلم الاجتماعي, فضلاً عن نوعية العلاقة بين شرائحها وفئاتها المختلفة من حيث الصراع والتناغم, المادة الرئيسة والموضوع الاكثر اهمية في دراسات الفكر السياسي والاجتماعي.ومن بين الطبقات, احتلت الطبقة الوسطى مكا

There Are Many  Communities Suffering Of Unemployment Due To Has  Great Social And Economic Impact, As Well As The Psychological Effects Devastating And Serious And That May Threaten States  With Collapse And  Leading Human Displacement And Loss And Crime, And Often Derive Unemployed People To Practice  Bad Habits Such As Gambling, Alcohol And Drug Abuse To Escape From Their Reality To Their Concerns And Problems.

It Should Be Noted, That The Largest Percentage Of Unemployment In Developing Societies Represented By The Educated Class Of University Graduates, And This Is Something Painful.

The Unemployed Know That (Each Capable Of Working And Who Want To Look For And Accept Prevailing Bricks) Is Th

Mandali Basin is located between latitudes (33◦ 39' 00" and 33^◦
54' 55") to the north and longitudes (45ο 11' 00" and 45ο 40' 00") to the
east; to the east of Diyala province at the Iraqi-Iranian border; the
basin area is approximately 491 km².
From the study of climate reality of the basin between 1990-
2013and assessment of the basic climate transactions, it was found
that the annual rate of rainfall is 253.02 mm, the relative humidity
(44.4%), the temperature (21.3 ◦C), wind speed (2.08 m /sec.),
sunshine (8.27 h/day) and evaporation of the basin class (a) (271.98
mm) and corrected potential evapotranspiration (80.03 mm). The
results of the data analysis show that, there are