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THE ROLE OF EFFLUX PUMP FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA: THE ROLE OF EFFLUX PUMP FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA
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ABSTRACT                

The multi-drug resistant efflux pump is a glycoprotein pump whose function is to push foreign substances. The efflux pump is found in humans, animals. It also has wide-ranging properties in  bacteria and fungi. They are found in all species of bacteria, and efflux pump genes can be found in bacterial chromosomes or mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids. The most sensitive function that leads to a global problem is its resistance to antibiotics in bacterial cells, which increases the ability to bacteria from becoming strong virulence factors that most or all antibiotics cannot kill. It also has other important functions. It is related to the defense mechanism of the horse by pushing all harmful substances. This pump is divided into five families. The division depends on the source of energy, symmetry, and the general structure. The major facilitator (MFS) superfamily; the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family and the adenosine-triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC); superfamily the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily  and the small multidrug resistance (SMR). The ABC family uses ATP as a source of energy for export, while other flow pumps use the driving force of the proton. These hosts participate in many cellular processes such as intercellular communication, formation of cell membranes, virulence factors of bacterial cell, extrusion of toxic substances, disinfectants, toxic metabolic by-products, and antibiotics. It is also one of the important formations in bacteria that give bacteria the ability to expel antibiotics through various and diverse genes that are located either on the chromosome or plasmid of different pump families. Evidence indicates that the efflux pump has physiological functions in bacteria, and its overexpression has a role in inducing multi-drug resistance and biofilm formation. Hence, the regulation of efflux pump action is an orderly, strict action in response to physiological and environmental signals.

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Publication Date
Wed Aug 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The reality of the application of cost accounting system in the contracting institutions in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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The study aimed to identify the reality of the application of cost accounting system in the contracting institutions in Saudi Arabia, and the extent of the reflection of the application of this system on the effectiveness and efficiency of the general performance of these institutions. Where the research community consists of the contracting institutions operating in the Saudi Arabia, and then a suitable random sample was selected from seventy one institutions. The researchers used the historical method to track the previous studies as well as the descriptive approach to conducting the field study. The study data were analyzed by SPSS statistical program.

The results of this study conclude that there is a

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Publication Date
Tue Aug 13 2024
Journal Name
مجلة ايجهار التركية
Disagreement in conscience of the affair between grammarians Basrans and Kufans
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Perhaps it is of paramount importance for researchers to present grammatical topics with a uniqueness that distinguishes them from everything else that may overlap with them, and a specificity that distances them from much of what may be thought to be similar to them or similar to them. The subject pronoun is one of these topics that should be considered. Due to the uniqueness of this pronoun among the rest of the family of pronouns, with features and adverbs that deserve research and study, and then analysis and treatment; Because of its scientific value, it goes hand in hand with other pronouns. This topic would not have drawn my attention or received much of it had it not raised some fundamental questions, including, f

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Publication Date
Thu May 14 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Babylon Center For Humanities Studies
Reflection of Zionism in the literature of the Jews of Iraq ... Read in the novel "The Dove Flyer" by Elie Amir
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The upbringing of Yehuda Amichai and the conditions he lived in had a great influence on his deep sense of pain, which made him think of death and suicide. Especially after the Nazis came to power in Germany, and his emigration with his family. Amichai searched for love throughout his life, and his failure was one of the most important factors affecting his psyche, which is A deep influence that made him live in harsh and painful pains that broke him, and prevented her from achieving his ambitions in life.Dramatic texts are characterized by repetition in writing and presentation. It is a textual discourse that has two advantages, first, that it can be read as a literary text like all other literary texts, and second, that it can be consider

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Publication Date
Fri Aug 01 2014
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The impact of strategic approach in the effectiveness of small and medium Enterprises in Iraq
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The purpose of this research highlight the achievement of the effectiveness of small and medium enterprises dimensions and conformable to analyze the relationship between business strategies and human resources management strategies , and launched search of a dilemma thought provoking fundamental questions revolve around the search is the lack of appropriate strategies in these enterprises to help them continuity and permanence in business and markets , as these enterprises lack the human resources management strategies appropriate , as well as business strategies that make them withstand the changes in the market environment is changing and volatile . It was to

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Publication Date
Tue Sep 19 2017
Journal Name
Al-academy
The structure of design and technology in the contemporary design in the interior spaces
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The design of the interior spaces process the product of intellectual civilization expresses the prevailing thought, discoverers of principles and beliefs through the sheen reflects the present, and generating languages ​​graphical variety caused a different revolution in design mounting structure, and because of the complex nature of the interior spaces were and we have to be a reflection of cultural reality of being a form of cultural expression and true embodiment of scientific developments prevailing for each stage where she was born, the changes occurring in human thought and then extremism and the discrepancy tastes among individuals all communities factors have caused a change in the design structure involving modernization an

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 30 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Pure And Applied Microbiology
Mixture Design of Experiments for the Optimization of Carbon Source for Promoting Undecylprodigiosin and Actinorhodin Production
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Publication Date
Wed Sep 30 2015
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
The difference The doctrines of the four jurists were built in Achieving the purposes of Tesper in Islam
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The difference The doctrines of the four jurists were built in Achieving the purposes of Tesper in Islam

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 12 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
STUDY THE CHARACATERISTIC OF SOILS TO DETERMINE SOME TYPES OF LANDS DEGRADATION FOR MAHMUDIYA DISTRICT
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This study comprised three traverses extending parallel through the Northern, Central and Southern Mahmudiya districts, and perpendicular to the course of the Euphrates River. They were identified to collect (15) soil samples and some water samples as distributed within the land cover classes of the study area. Those classes were determined by visual interpretation and supervised classification for Landsat (TM) images obtained in August/2007. The digital classification was based on Maximum Likelihood method using six spectral bands excluding the thermal band. Chemical and physical laboratory analysis for the soil characteristics was performed to determine the types of land degradation in the study area.
The results showed that the hig

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Publication Date
Mon Feb 19 2018
Journal Name
Al-academy
The Effectiveness of the Movement in Graphic Design
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The movement is considered one of the important factors which attracts the receiver attention in designing artificial works in general, and especially in the advertisements, moreover the subject of the movement in the designing advertisements needs more care and study by the scholars. From this importance and from reaching to the basic streams of the research topic (the effect of the movement in the graphic design) the problem of the research has been set according to the following wonder:

  • What is the designing process that establishes the movement in the commercial advertisements designs?

           

      The researche

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Publication Date
Thu Oct 30 2008
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
The rule of leading the boy in prayer
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God Almighty has imposed on us obligations and set limits on us, and among these obligations is the prayer, which is considered a pillar of Islam. And recently on the statement of its importance, and through extensive explanations, they elaborated on the statement of its pillars, its obligations, its Sunnahs, its rituals, and its bodies, and it is known that the imam in prayer is an important part of the parts of prayer. Whoever assumes this responsibility must be aware of these conditions, the most important of which is jurisprudence in religion, and there has been a disagreement between the jurists, especially the owners of the four schools of thought, about who is qualified to lead the imamate, and this is within many and wide details

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