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Determinants of national drug products acceptance across patients, pharmacists, and manufacturers: A mixed method study
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Introduction

The national pharmaceutical industry is pivotal for both the health sector and the national economy. This study aims to identify determinants of national drug products acceptance. The objectives of this study were to quantitatively measure the level of patient and community pharmacist acceptance of national drug products available in community pharmacies and to qualitatively explore the barriers facing national pharmaceutical companies and investigate the suggested solutions.

Methods

This cross-sectional study used an explanatory mixed method design. It was conducted in Baghdad, Iraq from July through October 2018. The study included two surveys (one for pharmacy customers and another for pharmacists) and thereafter semi-structured interviews of national pharmaceutical company owners/managers. The interview guide was developed based on preliminary quantitative results. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview findings.

Results

We received 123 patient surveys and 125 usable pharmacist surveys. We conducted seven interviews and stopped when we reached saturation. Integrated qualitative and quantitative findings showed that the main determinants of national drug product acceptance are product characteristics (namely price, packaging, brand, and availability), healthcare providers effect on product promotion and perceived effectiveness, and regulations enforced by authorities mainly the Ministry of Health.

Conclusions

Product price was the number one modulating factor in patient decision-making when purchasing a drug product. It appears that physicians and pharmacists are playing negative or at least neutral role in promoting national drug products and sustaining patients trust in national drug products. Current policies appeared to slow national drug industry growth and limit manufacturers’ ability to expand their share in the market. Manufacturer marketing efforts can help in gaining physicians and pharmacists support of the national drug product. Reforms to current drug policy and regulations were proposed by manufacturers.

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2023
Journal Name
The Egyptian Journal Of Hospital Medicine
Association of Interleukin-12B Polymorphism and Serum Level of Interleukin-12 in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Background In rheumatoid arthritis, your immune system attacks the tissue lining the joints on both sides of your body. Other parts of the body may also be affected. Unsure of the exact cause. Two separate genes termed IL12A (p35) and IL12 encode the heterodimeric cytokine known as IL12 (p40). Several different hematopoietic cell types can have several different hematopoietic cell types that can generate antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including DCs and macrophages. Objectives This study aimed to investigate if the interleukin IL-12B gene's common polymorphisms in an Iraqi population were associated with RA. Material and methods Blood samples were taken from 70 Iraqi patients with RA illnesses and 30 Iraqi controls during the periods from

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 30 2020
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
The Value of Diffusion Weighted MRI in the Detection and Localization of Prostate Cancer among a Sample of Iraqi Patients
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Background: Prostatic adenocarcinoma is the most widely recognized malignancy in men and the second cause of cancer-related mortality encountered in male patients after lung cancer.

Aim of the study:  To assess the diagnostic value of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and its quantitative measurement, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), in the identification and localization of prostatic cancer compared with T2 weighted image sequence (T2WI).

Type of the study: a prospective analytic study

Patients and methods: forty-one male patients with suspected prostatic cancer were examined by pelvic MRI at the MRI department of the Oncology Teaching Hospital/Medical City in Baghdad

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 31 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The effect of Marketing costs on the profitability of insurance companies: applied research in the national insurance company
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The research aims to study the marketing costs in its various items, which are important costs as it specializes in tunnels on the marketing side through which the company's services are introduced to ensure that these services reach as many segments of society as possible, which serves the company's objectives and expand its business and increase its market share. As well as the definition of profitability and its relation to marketing costs in the portfolios of the national insurance company. The research hypothesis was formulated to study and analyze the relationship and impact between the marketing costs and profitability of the research sample company. The research sample was determined by the National General Insurance Comp

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Publication Date
Sat May 08 2021
Journal Name
Annals Of The Romanian Society For Cell Biology
Sequencing of IL-10 Gene Promoter for -592 (A/C) and -1082 (A/G) Positions in Iraqi Children Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
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We studied the relationship between DNA sequencing of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene promoter for -1082 (A/G) and -592 (A/C) positions with the concentration of IL-10 in blood serum of Iraqi children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Fifty blood serum samples collected from children with age ranged between 7-12 years. Thirty-five blood samples collected from patient children with T1D, and compared with 15 healthy children age matched as control sample. The results revealed decreasing in anti-inflammatory IL-10 concentration in T1D patient’s blood serum (0.068 Pg/ml) as compared with the control sample (0.111 Pg/ml). No significant differences were found in interleukin concentration between the studied samples when they analyzed with the M

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 25 2022
Journal Name
International Journal Of Drug Delivery Technology
Effect of Zinc drug on amino acid concentration in liver of white mice, Mus musculus
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Zinc is one of the essential trace elements, it plays a key role in many biochemical and functional processes. It is less harmful than many other minerals, in the case of exposure to high doses of zinc, poisoning occurs, and this poisoning may mostly result from the accidental ingestion of household products containing zinc or nutritional supplements, this study was conducted to find out the effects of zinc on the concentration of amino acid. A total of 30 adult white mouse males were taken and divided into three groups; the first group (control) of 10 mice taken with distilled water for 30 days, the second group includes 10 mice that were dose with Zn drug concentration of 50 mg/kg/day for 30 days, the third group includes 10 mice that wer

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Publication Date
Tue Feb 27 2018
Journal Name
Pharmaceutics
Ocular Drug Delivery Barriers—Role of Nanocarriers in the Treatment of Anterior Segment Ocular Diseases
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Ocular drug delivery is challenging due to the presence of anatomical and physiological barriers. These barriers can affect drug entry into the eye following multiple routes of administration (e.g., topical, systemic, and injectable). Topical administration in the form of eye drops is preferred for treating anterior segment diseases, as it is convenient and provides local delivery of drugs. Major concerns with topical delivery include poor drug absorption and low bioavailability. To improve the bioavailability of topically administered drugs, novel drug delivery systems are being investigated. Nanocarrier delivery systems demonstrate enhanced drug permeation and prolonged drug release. This review provides an overview of ocular barr

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 06 2022
Journal Name
Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
Effectiveness of an Instructional program on patients with ulcerative colitis adherence for Medication and Diet to prevent Colorectal Cancer: case and control study
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ABSTRACT:

Objectives: The study aims to know the effectiveness of the educational program in the patient’s adherence to medication and diet and to know the relationship between the effectiveness of the education program and their demographic data related to the patient’s age, gender, marital status, education level, occupation, monthly income and residence.

Methodology: A quasi -experimental design study was performed on patient who attended to Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital, from March 2021 to September 2021. The non-probability sampling including 50 patients for case study and 30 patients for control group. The questionnaire consists of 3 parts, part one the socio

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Publication Date
Tue Apr 01 2025
Journal Name
Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal
Pain and Satisfaction among Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Effects of Coughing, ShotBlocker and Vibration during Insulin Injection: A Randomised Controlled Trial
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Background:

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness that commonly leads to progressive and incapacitating of patients’ condition over the past 20 years.

Aim:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the coughing technique, ShotBlockerTo evaluate the effects of the coughing technique, ShotBlocker and vibration device on pain intensity and patient satisfaction during subcutaneous (SC) insulin injections in hospitalised adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Subjects and Method
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Publication Date
Sat Apr 20 2024
Journal Name
International Journal Of Disabilities Sports & Health Sciences
Psychological Toughness and its Relationship to Some Coordination, Physical Abilities and Accuracy of Some Basic Skills Performance Among the Iraqi Junior National Handball Team Players
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The aim of the research is to identify psychological toughness and its relationship to some coordination, physical abilities and accuracy of some basic performance skills among the players of the Iraqi junior national handball team players. The hypothesis is the existence of a correlation between psychological toughness, coordination, physical abilities, and the accuracy of some basic skills performance among the players of the Iraqi junior national handball team players. The descriptive approach in the style of correlational relations used to suit the research problem, as the community was determined by (18) players for the Iraqi junior national handball team players, while the sample was (14) players, and the samp

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Publication Date
Fri Jun 29 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Tagmemic Analysis of English and Arabic Praise Poetry: A Contrastive Study
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 This research provides a new method to study praise poetry that can be used as a course to teach English and Arabic to students in the College of Education. This research answers two questions:

  1. Is it possible to examine praise poetry as a tagmeme?
  2. Is this analysis of great help in teaching English and Arabic to students in the College of Education?

           The data that will be chosen for the purpose of analysis are two of Shakespeare's sonnets and two of AL Mulik's poems. The sonnets selected for this purpose are 17 and 18. AL Mulik's poems selected for the same purpose are 8 and 9.

   &nbs

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