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jeasiq-1521
حوالات الخزينة واستخداماتها في العراق
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ABSTRACT

The Iraqi Government had used all Possible methods of financing the fiscal deficit according to the economic and Political Circumstances at the time. It had borrowed from abroad during the 1980s. Those methods of borrowing led to negative impacts on the Iraqi economy such as increased external dept burden, higher inflation rate, negative interest rate and accumulation of domestic debt.

The "Financial Management and Public Debt" law no 95/ 2004 made a great change in those methods of Financing fiscal deficit in Iraq. Before 2004, the deficit was financed by issuing Treasury Bills and selling them to the Central Bank of Iraq with a prefixed interest rate. Thus, it is, in fact, a financing by new cash issuance. However, after the issuance of law 95/ 2004, and the issuance of the CBI law no. 56/ 2004, in addition th setting the instruction of selling treasury bills in public auctions by the Ministry of Finance, and stopping the CBI to lend funds to the Government, the financing of the deficit using the TB became a systematic process based on competition in wich the commercial banks only can participate.

Accordingly, the MOF had made (106) auctions of (91)  days during 2004- 2009  of which (18) auctions that were cancelled for different reasons. The average of participation of banks was ultimately  in 2004: 9 out of 32 commercial banks participated in the auctions.

The amounts of the TB sold was about (16.2) trillion Iraqi  Dinars for the same duration. The  interest rate's average was between 21% for 2007 and 4.1% for 2004 which runs parallel to the CBI interest rate. The commercial banks had the greater share of the TB's, ehich was between (66- 84%) of the value of the TB's.

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Publication Date
Wed Aug 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Natural gas in Iraq between burning and licensing rounds
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The research aims to shed light on the importance of Natural gas as a National wealth is not being used optimally to be a financial resource is important to Iraq in addition to Oil, as well as could be used as an important Source of Energy, instead of burning gas is a waste of wealth and Contribute to the contamination of the environment. Research Reviews the importance of Natural gas, where is currently about a quarter of global energy consumption. Then deals with the reality of the gas industry in Iraq and winning because of the volume of waste incineration, which reached a rate (45%) of the gas Associated with oil, where Iraq is fourth globally in Terms of the amount of gas Burned. Finally, this paper discusses the future of n

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 02 2018
Journal Name
Arab Science Heritage Journal
عمارة عمارة القلاع وتخطيطها في العراق (دراسة مقارنة)
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This paper shed light on castles in Iraq through Othman reign to know their sorts , and studying planning concentrating on the nature of architecture , this is a serious trying to study and important  side of military architecture in Iraq with its reasons of building them which had related with political, military , social ,and economical circumstances of country . 

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Publication Date
Tue Jan 01 2008
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
مواجهة مشكلة المخدرات في العراق بين الواقع والمستقبل
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لم تكن المخدرات وليدة هذا العصر فقد عرفها الانسان منذ القدم وحاربتها المجتمعات القديمة ثقافياً واجتماعياً ودينياً ، حيث تعتبر المخدرات اخطر كارثة عرفتها البشرية في تاريخها وبدأت تتطور لتصبح تجارة عالمية غير مشروعة ترعاها عصابات منظمةهدفها تدمير طاقات وقدرات وقيم الشباب آمال هذه الامة وكنزها الحقيقي وهذا يعني تفريغ المجتمع من العقول المبدعة فيه حتى يبقى مجتمعنا متخلفاً من السهل السيطرة عليه.

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 01 2006
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
اشكالية الطائفية السياسية في العراق بين الاستمرارية والانكفائية
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اشكالية الطائفية السياسية في العراق بين الاستمرارية والانكفائية

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Publication Date
Wed May 02 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Planner And Development
the planning and design characteristics of Iraqs mud building and settlement
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The Mesopotamian soil is muddy and fertile, and so from ancient eras Iraqis used mud in their building, settlements and architecture in different methodologies according to the nature and the function of the building that was either in its pure form or by mixing it with other materials such as straw . also as raw bricks in different ways either for the whale building or parts of it, or for the finishing parts such as roofing for instance. In this research these different forms and methodologies will permeate through out a chosen examples of historical building, rural buildings and settlements and ancient buildings as well as some current uses of mud in the structures and building in standing cities, this in order to conclude some

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
(Sustainable Agricultural Development in Iraq ... Solutions and Treatments Obstacles)
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Abstract:

    The achievement of agricultural development provide food security and to form a basis for economic growth and comprehensive social, requires a number of actions to overcome the obstacles and problems facing the development of this economic sector, to make it able to achieve food security and operation of the workforce, and reduce dependence on the outside in the provision of food peripherals, and so it is only available through the highest degree of efficiency and economic mobilization of resources, so most of the developed and developing countries alike seek to achieve sustainable agricultural development tobacco meet the food requirements and good jobs for c

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Publication Date
Sun Apr 28 2019
Journal Name
Arab Science Heritage Journal
الاراء الآراء والمعتقدات والتسميات الشعبية في مناخ العراق
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This research aims to present a range of views and beliefs about the climate that have prevailed spontaneously in the Iraqi society and, whether agricultural or Bedouin communities and even popular communities within cities.

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 01 2022
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
Means of activating the role of civil society institutions in Iraq
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    The concept of civil society is one of the relatively recent concepts that have emerged clearly on the political and social arena especially in European countries, where it effectively contributes to the process of democratic transformation through the multiple roles and functions that it exercises, and acts as mediator between the state and the individual. Civil society in essence works to bring about change in society whether it is political, economic, social or cultural .The civil society appeared in Iraq after 2003, as is the case with many concepts that entered Iraq and took upon themselves the building of a democratic Iraq .Accordingly civil society institutions are the entity capable of rebuilding the Iraqi personal

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Publication Date
Mon Feb 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Problematic of Non Performing Banking Loans in Iraq and the Methods of Treatment
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The banking system considered as one of the most important intermediate circle between creditor and debtors it is mean the most important funding rings in economic activity, whether finance takes the a consumer or investment form and therefore it is the main base to stimulate economic activity both on the demand side, both consumption and investment and therefore of the main motivating factors for economic growth.

The banking system depends in achieve its goals on the grants and loan recovery, or what is known credit process and according to what the importance referred to the role of the banking system, it is important to ensure the safety and efficiency of the mechanisms of banking device and safety is

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 06 2018
Journal Name
Arab Science Heritage Journal
المراحل المراحل التاريخية لتطور التنبوء الجوي في العراق
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This research paper sheds light on the stages of Atmospheric forecast in Iraq. It was found that atmospheric forecast in Iraq has passed through several successive and interrelated historical stages. Each stage is characterized by special methods of prediction that are different from other stages. The oldest stages used astronomy to forecasting cases of cold , heat, flood and drought

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