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Analysis of relations and forces of production in extraction And pearl industry in the Arabian Gulf 1900-1950 *
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بسبب محدودية الموارد الطبيعية، فأن سكان الخليج ومنذ القدم وجهوا جلّ نشاطاتهم توجهاً بحرياً: صيد الاسماك وصناعة اللؤلؤ العنصر الرئيس في حجم التشغيل، وتكوين الفائض الاقتصادي في المنطقة آنذاك.

لقد تزايدت أهمية هذا النشاط بخاصة بعد النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر، لرواج تجارة اللؤلؤ عالمياً، وأنفتاح الخليج على الدول الاوروبية التي شهدت نهضة صناعية متسارعة، وحيث وصلت الخليج العديد من بضائعها ذات الاسعار المناسبة والنوعية الافضل.

إن عدد العاملين في صناعتهِ لم يقل عن 20-25% من مجموع العاملين في المنطقة خلال الربع الاول من القرن العشرين ويبين لنا المؤرخ J.G.Lorimer إن عدد العاملين وصل الى حوالي 90 ألف شخص من سكان قدر مجموعه بـ 300 ألف نسمة وذلك في أواسط العقد الأول من القرن العشرين. وبالأضافة الى العمل المحلي هناك وافدون من أيران والهند وباكستان مع وافدين من شرق أفريقيا، أستُقدم العديد منهم كعبيد سخرهم مالكوهم للعمل في صناعة اللؤلؤ وذلك بالرغم من محاربة السلطات البريطانية آنذاك لأعمال القرصنة وتجارة العبيد في منطقة الخليج والمحيط الهندي.

تفصح التراتيب الوظيفية في صناعة اللؤلؤ عن وجود تسع فئات مُقسمة بدقة حسب نوع العمل الذي تقوم به كل فئة. والعنصران الفاعلان في العملية الانتاجية هما:-

التاجر "الممول": يُمول العاملين بسلف تصل فائدتها الى حوالي 25% على أساس الموسم الذي يستمر بين 4-5 أشهر. وغالباً ما يستحوذ على الجزء الاعظم من الارباح بطريقة أو بأخرى..

الغواص ومساعده: يُلاحظ هنا تناقضٌ واضح، فمن ناحية هما الحلقة الاهم والاخطر في العملية الانتاجية وحيث لا يملك الغواص الا قابلياته البدنية أثناء عملية الغوص؛ ومن ناحية أخرى هما من أكثر المتضررين مادياً وأجتماعياً وصحياً بين الاطراف الاجتماعية المشاركة في هذه الصناعة.

لم تعرف هذه المهنة نظاماً للأجور، بل كانت تعمل وفق طريقة "المحاصصة" ونادراً ما كان يحصل الغواصون ومساعدوهم على ما يسدون به سلفهم وديونهم السابقة مع فوائدها المتزايدة.

    النقطة المركزية: ان العاملين عادةً ما يبقون في دين مستديم، وهذا ما يخوّل الممول حسب العرف السائد آنذاك والذي هو بمثابة قانون مُلزم من الابقاء عليهم للعمل في المواسم اللاحقة.

    لقد تراجعت صناعة اللؤلؤ منذ أوائل ثلاثينيات القرن الماضي، أثر اجتياح اللؤلؤ" الرخيص" المستزرع في اليابان ومناطق أخرى من العالم. ومن حسن حظ المنطقة ان صادف ذلك البدايات الاولى للأكتشافات النفطية حيث انتقل العديد من العاملين فيها الى الصناعة النفطية الحديثة.

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2024
Journal Name
Aip Conference Proceedings
The parametric analysis of corrosion rate of carbon steel in sulfuric acid and corrosion inhibition using indole
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Publication Date
Mon Oct 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Econometrics analysis of the impact of external shocks on foreign direct investment in Iraq for the period (1995-2016)
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The external shocks are one of the phenomena that the Iraqi economy is exposed to over a period of time. It is referred to as changes and events that come from outside the economic system and extends to many economic variables. However, foreign direct investment may be severely affected due to the extreme sensitivity to changes and local and international developments. This type of trauma and its characteristics to help manage and cope with external shocks, and in order to avoid the standard problems experienced by some models of simple linear regression, multi-linear regression models were used with variables Scientific and other dummy variables .

        The study foun

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Publication Date
Fri May 10 2019
Journal Name
Research Journal Of Chemistry And Environment
Solid Phase Extraction of Theophylline in Aqueous Solutions by Modified Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Extractor Material and Spectrophotometry Technique for the Determination
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new, simple and fast solid-phase extraction method for separation and preconcentration of trace theophylline in aqueous solutions was developed using magnetite nanoparticles (MIONPs) coated with aluminium oxide (AMIONPs) and modified with palmitate (P) as an extractor (P@AMIONPs). It has shown that the developed method has a fast absorbent rate of the theophylline at room temperature. The parameters that affect the absorbent of theophylline in the aqueous solutions have been investigated such as the amount of magnetite nanoparticle, pH, standing time and the volume, concentration of desorption solution. The linear range, limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for the determination of theophylline were 0.05-2.450 μg mL-

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Publication Date
Tue Sep 01 2020
Journal Name
Heliyon
Extraction, optical properties, and aging studies of natural pigments of various flower plants
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Publication Date
Sun Mar 13 2011
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Extraction and purification of L-Asparaginase II from local isolate of Proteus vulgaris
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Forty one isolates of genus Proteus were collected from 140 clinical specimens such as urine, stool, wound, burn, and ear swabs from patients of both sex. These isolates were identified to three Proteus spp. P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris and P. penneri .The ability of these bacteria to produce L-asparaginase II by using semi quantitative and quantitative methods was determined. P. vulgaris Pv.U.92 was distinguished for high level of L-asparaginase II production with specific activity 1.97 U/mg. Optimum conditions for enzyme production were determined; D medium with 0.3% of L-asparagine at pH 7.5 with temperature degree 35°C for incubation. Ultrasonication was used to destroy the P. vulgaris Pv.U.92 cells then ASNase II was extracted and pu

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 30 2010
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Effect of the Forming Conditions in the Production of Gamma Alumina Catalyst Support on the Crushing Strength Property
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An investigation was conducted for the determination of the effects of the forming conditions in the production of Gamma Alumina catalyst support on the crushing strength property. Eight variables were studied , they are ;binder content which is the sodium silicate , Solvent content which is the water, speed of mixing , time of mixing, drying temperature , drying time , calcinations temperature and the calcinations time
Design of the experiments was made by using the response Surface method in Minitab 15 software which supply us 90 experiments .
The results of this investigation show that the crushing strength for the dried Gamma alumina extrudate was affected by the drying temperature and the drying time only and there is no inter

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Publication Date
Fri Mar 01 2013
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Employment of exploratory factor analysis to extract factors Organizational Loyalty and job satisfaction Case Study in the College of Technology Management – Baghdad
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According to the measuring the relationship between organizational loyalty and job satisfaction among staff members at one college in the higher education ministry in Iraq by using exploratory factor analysis methods to extraction the components which have the major effects on the variables related to organizational loyalty and job satisfaction .

The research contains four basic topics، the first section related to methodology and regarding the conceptual framework it is discussed in the second section، and the third section concentrated at the presentation and the analysis Scientific results and practical results are section presented in the fourth.

 

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Publication Date
Sat Oct 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Strategic planning of human resources and its impact on the stages of a career path :A field research in the Ministry of Health
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Abstract

The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between the strategic planning for human resources and career path, and I have tested Search the Ministry of  Health and some health centers headquarters in the Karkh district, that is applied in sample Consist of (45) Deputy Director, Head of Depts, Departmental Manager, and health center Manager.

Find interested in studying the two subjects are important and vital, at the level of organizations at the present time, namely the strategic planning of human resources and career path. To achieve the objectives of the research was designed Qusestionnair (31) items to collect  Primary data. and collected t

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 31 2023
Journal Name
Biomedical And Pharmacology Journal
Extraction, Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Two Phenolic Acids from Aerial Parts of Celery and Coriander
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Celery and coriander are vastly applied in modern medicine and traditionally because various medicinal and nutritional benefits depend on their medicinal characteristics. The study aimed to detect, isolate and compare extracts contents of phenolic acids (caffeic and p-coumaric acids) in ethyl acetate fraction of fresh and dry aerial parts of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and celery (Apium graveolens L.) of the Apiaceae family. The extraction of these constituents was carried out by maceration method using 70% ethanol and fractionation was done by using petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate. The existence of caffeic and p-coumaric acids in aerial part extracts of two plants was identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-

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Publication Date
Fri Feb 19 2016
Journal Name
International Journal Of Pure And Applied Mathematics
THE ROLE OF DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF INVESTMENT ALLOCATIONS BETWEEN PRODUCTION LINES WITH AN APPLICATION
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At present, the ability to promote national economy by adjusting to political, economic, and technological variables is one of the largest challenges faced by organization productivity. This challenge prompts changes in structure and line productivity, given that cash has not been invested. Thus, the management searches for investment opportunities that have achieved the optimum value of the annual increases in total output value of the production line workers in the laboratory. Therefore, the application of dynamic programming model is adopted in this study by addressing the division of investment expenditures to cope with market-dumping policy and to strive non-stop production at work.

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