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Analysis of relations and forces of production in extraction And pearl industry in the Arabian Gulf 1900-1950 *
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بسبب محدودية الموارد الطبيعية، فأن سكان الخليج ومنذ القدم وجهوا جلّ نشاطاتهم توجهاً بحرياً: صيد الاسماك وصناعة اللؤلؤ العنصر الرئيس في حجم التشغيل، وتكوين الفائض الاقتصادي في المنطقة آنذاك.

لقد تزايدت أهمية هذا النشاط بخاصة بعد النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر، لرواج تجارة اللؤلؤ عالمياً، وأنفتاح الخليج على الدول الاوروبية التي شهدت نهضة صناعية متسارعة، وحيث وصلت الخليج العديد من بضائعها ذات الاسعار المناسبة والنوعية الافضل.

إن عدد العاملين في صناعتهِ لم يقل عن 20-25% من مجموع العاملين في المنطقة خلال الربع الاول من القرن العشرين ويبين لنا المؤرخ J.G.Lorimer إن عدد العاملين وصل الى حوالي 90 ألف شخص من سكان قدر مجموعه بـ 300 ألف نسمة وذلك في أواسط العقد الأول من القرن العشرين. وبالأضافة الى العمل المحلي هناك وافدون من أيران والهند وباكستان مع وافدين من شرق أفريقيا، أستُقدم العديد منهم كعبيد سخرهم مالكوهم للعمل في صناعة اللؤلؤ وذلك بالرغم من محاربة السلطات البريطانية آنذاك لأعمال القرصنة وتجارة العبيد في منطقة الخليج والمحيط الهندي.

تفصح التراتيب الوظيفية في صناعة اللؤلؤ عن وجود تسع فئات مُقسمة بدقة حسب نوع العمل الذي تقوم به كل فئة. والعنصران الفاعلان في العملية الانتاجية هما:-

التاجر "الممول": يُمول العاملين بسلف تصل فائدتها الى حوالي 25% على أساس الموسم الذي يستمر بين 4-5 أشهر. وغالباً ما يستحوذ على الجزء الاعظم من الارباح بطريقة أو بأخرى..

الغواص ومساعده: يُلاحظ هنا تناقضٌ واضح، فمن ناحية هما الحلقة الاهم والاخطر في العملية الانتاجية وحيث لا يملك الغواص الا قابلياته البدنية أثناء عملية الغوص؛ ومن ناحية أخرى هما من أكثر المتضررين مادياً وأجتماعياً وصحياً بين الاطراف الاجتماعية المشاركة في هذه الصناعة.

لم تعرف هذه المهنة نظاماً للأجور، بل كانت تعمل وفق طريقة "المحاصصة" ونادراً ما كان يحصل الغواصون ومساعدوهم على ما يسدون به سلفهم وديونهم السابقة مع فوائدها المتزايدة.

    النقطة المركزية: ان العاملين عادةً ما يبقون في دين مستديم، وهذا ما يخوّل الممول حسب العرف السائد آنذاك والذي هو بمثابة قانون مُلزم من الابقاء عليهم للعمل في المواسم اللاحقة.

    لقد تراجعت صناعة اللؤلؤ منذ أوائل ثلاثينيات القرن الماضي، أثر اجتياح اللؤلؤ" الرخيص" المستزرع في اليابان ومناطق أخرى من العالم. ومن حسن حظ المنطقة ان صادف ذلك البدايات الاولى للأكتشافات النفطية حيث انتقل العديد من العاملين فيها الى الصناعة النفطية الحديثة.

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 28 2017
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-issn 1683 - 3597 E-issn 2521 - 3512)
Assessment of Patients’ Knowledge Toward Total Hip Replacement Home – Care
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To assess the total hip replacement patients’ knowledge of home – care regarding pain management, medication therapy, wound care, mobility limitation and complications may occur in the post hip replacement surgery, and to assess relationship between some variables such as, age level of education, sex & marital status with home- care knowledge. A descriptive study was used to assess the hip-replacement patient home-knowledge, a purposive sampling of (60) hip-replaced –patients were selected from Gazy Alhariri Hospital  (central of surgical profession ) and Alwasity Hospital ( plastic surgery) , the questionnaire  obtains two parts , part one, which included socio-demographical characteristics of the samp

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Publication Date
Mon Mar 08 2021
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Antagonistic of trichoderma species against some plant pathogenic soil fungi on carnation
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Adhrt all fungal biological control ability Tdhadah less than 2 repel Alaftran Almamradan showed leaky mushroom Biological control is thermally laboratories and different concentrations of 5, 10 and 20% inhibition in the growth of fungus colonies amounted to 3.8 cm and 3.1 and 2.4 respectively in comparison with control 9 cm

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Publication Date
Fri May 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Punching Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Slabs under Fire using Finite Elements
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The main aim of this paper is studied the punching shear and behavior of reinforced concrete slabs exposed to fires, the possibility of punching shear failure occurred as a result of the fires and their inability to withstand the loads. Simulation by finite element analysis is made to predict the type of failure, distribution temperature through the thickness of the slabs, deformation and punching strength. Nonlinear finite element transient thermal-structural analysis at fire conditions are analyzed by ANSYS package. The validity of the modeling is performed for the mechanical and thermal properties of materials from earlier works from literature to decrea

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 30 2010
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PETROLEUM FRACTION (VACUUM GAS OIL) TO PRODUCE GASOLINE
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In this work, fluid catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil to produce gasoline over prepared faujasite type Y zeolite was investigated using experimental laboratory plant scale of fluidized bed reactor.
The catalytic activity of prepared faujasite type NaY, NaNH4Y and NaHY zeolites was investigated. The cracking process was carried out in the temperature range 440 to 500 oC, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) range 10 to 25 h-1 ,and atmospheric pressure . The catalytic activities of the prepared faujasite type NaY , NaNH4Y and NaHY zeolites were determined in terms of vacuum gas oil (VGO) conversion, and gasoline yield . The conversion at 500oC and WHSV10 hr-1 by using faujasite type NaY, NaNH4Y and NaHY zeolite were 50.2%, 64.1% and 6

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Publication Date
Sun Aug 01 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Research And Developments
Slot Design Procedure for a NACA 4412 at High Angle of Attack
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The main objective of the present work is to find a method increases the efficiency of the airfoil that is used for blade in wind turbine, wing in aircraft, propeller and helicopter (like NACA 4412). By overcoming the separation of flow at high angle of attacks, a slotted airfoil had been used and solved numerically through connecting the pressure side in the bottom surface with the suction side in the top surface of the airfoil to energize the separated flow. Slot exit, width and slope were considered as a parameters of slot configuration to determine the effective design of consideration. Reynolds number was taken as [1.6 x106 ] and the angle of attacks were ranged from (0o - 20o ). The numerical solution with Ansys Fluent commercial prog

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 28 2013
Journal Name
Spie Proceedings
Enhancement of security for free space optics based on reconfigurable chaotic technique
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Free Space Optical (FSO) technology offers highly directional, high bandwidth communication channels. This technology can provide fiber-like data rate over short distances. In order to improve security associated with data transmission in FSO networks, a secure communication method based on chaotic technique is presented. In this paper, we have turned our focus on a specific class of piece wise linear one-dimensional chaotic maps. Simulation results indicate that this approach has the advantage of possessing excellent correlation property. In this paper we examine the security vulnerabilities of single FSO links and propose a solution to this problem by implementing the chaotic signal generator “reconfigurable tent map”. As synchronizat

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Publication Date
Tue Oct 30 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Physics
Optical properties of ZnO/MgF2 bilayer thin films prepared by PVD technique
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Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is considered as one of the best materials already used as a window layer in solar cells due to its antireflective capability. The ZnO/MgF2 bilayer thin film is more efficient as antireflective coating. In this work, ZnO and ZnO/MgF2 thin films were deposited on glass substrate using pulsed laser deposition and thermal evaporation deposition methods. The optical measurements indicated that ZnO thin layer has an energy gap of (3.02 eV) while ZnO/MgF2 bilayer gives rise to an increase in the energy gap. ZnO/MgF2 bilayer shows a high energy gap (3.77 eV) with low reflectance (1.1-10 %) and refractive index (1.9) leading to high transmittance, this bilayer could be a good candidate optical material to improve the performance

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Publication Date
Fri Oct 01 2010
Journal Name
Iraqi Board For Medical Specializations In Dermatology And Venereology
Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by Topical 25% Podophyllin Solution (Case-Controlled Study)
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KE Sharquie, AA Noaimi, AG Al-Ghazzi, 2010 - Cited by 2

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 01 2018
Journal Name
2018 Tenth International Conference On Advanced Computational Intelligence (icaci)
On low-level control strategies of lower extremity exoskeletons with power augmentation
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Publication Date
Sat Jun 01 2013
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages
Dylan Thomas:The vision of Death as a Prologue to a New Life
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Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) is a modern poet belongs to the apocalyptic movement of the 1940's.This movement is influenced by the doctrines and techniques of surrealism. Poetry for him should not be primarily concerned with man in society, but with the celebration of spiritual truth. It should bring to light the hidden causes, hence his personal interest is to strip darkness and explore the inward motives. To do this he uses a cluster of images: a constant building up and breaking down of images. His poetry depends on the romantic spontaneity, suggestiveness of the Symbolists and the the surrealists' mysterious liberation of the unconsciousness and the emotional involvement in the dynamics of life. In "Light Breaks

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