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Politeness: A Socio- Pragmatic Study
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The most influential theory of ‘Politeness’ was formulated in 1978 and revised in 1987 by Brown and Levinson. ‘Politeness’, which represents the interlocutors’ desire to be pleasant to each other through a positive manner of addressing, was claimed to be a universal phenomenon. The gist of the theory is the intention to mitigate ‘Face’ threats carried by certain ‘Face’ threatening acts towards others.

            ‘Politeness Theory’ is based on the concept that interlocutors have ‘Face’ (i.e., self and public – image) which they consciously project, try to protect and to preserve. The theory holds that various politeness strategies are used to protect the ‘Face’ of others when addressing them.

            This theory proposes that there is a positive and a negative ‘Face’. The former reflects the desire to be approved by others, while the latter avoids being imposed on. Therefore, the use of the proposed ‘Politeness Strategies’ differ according to ‘Face’.

            However, neither the ‘Face’ is a set phenomenon nor the strategies are applicable to all cultures, since culture – bound aspects may vary. These indicate  shortcomings in the theory, since the ‘Face’ acceptability vary from one person to another and social relations, attitudes, conduct, and their remedies may vary from one culture to another.     

            The paper is formed of five sections. Section one covers the notion and theories of politeness. Section Two deals with Politeness Strategies. Section three is devoted to Speech Acts as related to ‘Politeness’. Section Four tackles stylistic varieties as related to ‘Politeness’. Section Five tackles the shortcomings of the theory and draws a comparison between politeness and Impoliteness, reviewing models of Impoliteness to clarify the difference in the strategies used.

            The paper ends with the conclusions, followed by the bibliography.

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Publication Date
Sat Oct 28 2023
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis, Characterization and Theoretical Investigation of Innovative Charge-transfer Complexes Derived from the N-phenyl 3, 4-selenadiazo Benzophenone Imine
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In the current study, a direct method was used to create a new series of charge-transfer complexes of chemicals. In a good yield, new charge-transfer complexes were produced when different quinones reacted with acetonitrile as solvent in a 1:1 mole ratio with N-phenyl-3,4-selenadiazo benzophenone imine. By using analysis techniques like UV, IR, and 1H, 13C-NMR, every substance was recognized. The analysis's results matched the chemical structures proposed for the synthesized substances. Functional theory of density (DFT)
has been used to analyze the molecular structure of the produced Charge-Transfer Complexes, and the energy gap, HOMO surfaces, and LUMO surfaces have all been created throughout the geometry optimization process ut

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 01 2016
Journal Name
Al-academy
THE METHOD OF EXPRESSION IN INNATE AND POPULAR IRAQI SCULPTURAL CONTEMPORARY STUDYING BETWEEN (Hadi KadhimNassif) and (Ibrahim al nakash): كفاح عبد المجيد
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The innate art,is a major tributary in the art world, It is a bold achievement, has a special flavor, With self-identity, linked to the origins and roots of human ,That goes back to the past and the history and culture of peoples. This business is not limited to only aesthetic side, but is loaded with religious and magical experience, and have social functions, This creations stayed live, breathe, grow, and change with the transformation of society, these processors emerged, from local people have not been trained academically.Their Elvis came from community culture,Which are, Mesopotamian thoroughbreds.This culture that we desperately need today, in order to increase ourselves Iraqi force, In the face of the modern world, which is locke

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 01 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Studying and analysis effect level of the Government expenditure and Gross Domestic product in size of the expenditure on the higher education in Iraq (1995 – 2009)
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The education, especially higher education, is an essentially factor in the progress of any society, if we consider the higher education, represents the top  of  the education`s  pyramid which take part in developing the human  resources and provide the human staff to raise the productive efficiency, and improve the social , economic level                                  

In order to face the increasing importance of higher education, great capabilities and expenditures must be available in a continous way, such expe

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Publication Date
Mon Mar 01 2010
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
ادوار إدارة المعرفة التنظيمية و رأس مال الزبون العلاقة والأثر/ دراسة تطبيقية على القطاع المصرفي الأهلي في محافظة النجف الاشرف
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يختبر البحث الحالي علاقة الأثر والارتباط بين إدارة المعرفة التنظيمية (المتمثلة قيادة المعرفة، تنظيم المعرفة، عمليات المعرفة، ثقافة المعرفة، تطبيق المعرفة، تقاسم المعرفة) ومتغير (رأس مال الزبون) في مجموعة من المصارف الأهلية في محافظة النجف إذ تمثلت مشكلة الدراسة بمدى دور إدارة المعرفة في هذه المصارف فضلاً عن الزبائن الذين يتعاملون معها، وقد استخدمت استمارة الاستبيان كأداة رئيسة لجمع البيانات إذ تم تو

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 12 2018
Journal Name
Arab Science Heritage Journal
الحركة مساهمة المرأة في الحركة العلمية من خلال كتاب (( أنباء الغمر بأبناء العمر )) لابن حجر العسقلاني (773هـ/852هـ) (دراسة تاريخية)
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The search in these subjects makes an importanl accomplishment in the study of the scientific life in that (era)   specialy what the wonen had from a scientific and social level in that(age) the studies of the scientestis which were brilliant in the this era never hed the same as the first scientests . because of the common mistakes toward some resesrchers

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 06 2018
Journal Name
Arab Science Heritage Journal
منهج منهج البيروني ((ت440هـ))في دراسة علم الأرض في كتابه ((تحقيق ما للهند من مقوله مقبولة في العقل أو مرذولة))
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From the above we conclude that the Peronist represents one of the distinguished scientists who had a prominent role in supplying the Arab and Islamic Heritage Library scientific achievements that have had their impact on the Arab-Islamic civilization at a high level of knowledge has given us

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 30 2021
Journal Name
مجلة الجامعة العراقية
المصادر التنظيمية للاحتراق ومحددات أداء العمل في ظل جائحة COVID -19 دراسة ميدانية لعينة من العاملين في هيئات الحماية الإجتماعية
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The problem of job burnout has become one of the main problems for researchers in social welfare organizations (social protection bodies) - one of the formations of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. Its negative effects increased in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, and in light of the Corona pandemic, the pressures and burdens of workers varied, which resulted in high rates of anxiety, tension, and intellectual and physical exhaustion, and then negatively affected their efficiency in performing work at the individual and organizational level, especially after the increasing tasks of these Bodies in carrying out their role in achieving the general goals and objectives as being The general goals are that they are responsible for provid

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Publication Date
Tue Aug 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Evaluating the performance of Inspector General office of the Ministry of health in accordance with normative people and people results for the European excellence model EFQM 2013
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Current research sought to evaluate the performance and results of employees in accordance with normative to people and people result for the European model of excellence EFQM 2013 quality management Foundation in the Inspector General's Office/Ministry of health, so as to pursue a modern and advanced management methods in evaluating performance and the performance of the Office's relationship with a citizen's life, since it takes him beyond the accepted service capabilities today, but it became budget duties between dealers servicing responsibilities and future planning, financial control, competitiveness, human resources needs and maintaining quality and continuous improvement and development as well as The primary role of the

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Measure the Impact of global financial crisis on some indicators of the Saudi Arabia's economy using the Mendel-Fleming model for period (1997-2015)
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         The main objective of this study is to measure the Impact of global financial crisis on some indicators of the Saudi Arabia's economy using the Mendel-Fleming model, the importance of the study applied by focusing on the theme of general equilibrium in the face of fluctuations in the global economy. Study used a descriptive approach and the methodology of econometrics to construct the model. Study used Eviews Program for data analysis. The Data was collected from the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, for the period (1997-2014).Stationery of the variables was checked by Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) unit roots tests. And also the co-integration

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 01 2022
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Investigating the Effect of Drugs of Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin on Acanthamoeba genotype T3 Causing keratitis Isolated from Environmental samples in vitro
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This study is an investigation of the drugs effect on some pathogenic Acanthamoeba isolated from Iraqi waters, where the problem of environmental adaptation that characterizes this organism in addition to being a reservoir for many pathogenic microorganisms that take shelter in it to escape disinfectants and medicines is sometimes difficult to treat it with traditional treatments.  Twenty water samples were collected from different water regions in Iraq, namely the Dokan Lake, Tigris River, Euphrates River and Najaf Sea, 5 samples from each source.  Acanthamoeba was isolated from water samples on NNA and PYG media, using an inverted microscope with an electron microscope to determine their phenotypic features. PCR and

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