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Politeness: A Socio- Pragmatic Study
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The most influential theory of ‘Politeness’ was formulated in 1978 and revised in 1987 by Brown and Levinson. ‘Politeness’, which represents the interlocutors’ desire to be pleasant to each other through a positive manner of addressing, was claimed to be a universal phenomenon. The gist of the theory is the intention to mitigate ‘Face’ threats carried by certain ‘Face’ threatening acts towards others.

            ‘Politeness Theory’ is based on the concept that interlocutors have ‘Face’ (i.e., self and public – image) which they consciously project, try to protect and to preserve. The theory holds that various politeness strategies are used to protect the ‘Face’ of others when addressing them.

            This theory proposes that there is a positive and a negative ‘Face’. The former reflects the desire to be approved by others, while the latter avoids being imposed on. Therefore, the use of the proposed ‘Politeness Strategies’ differ according to ‘Face’.

            However, neither the ‘Face’ is a set phenomenon nor the strategies are applicable to all cultures, since culture – bound aspects may vary. These indicate  shortcomings in the theory, since the ‘Face’ acceptability vary from one person to another and social relations, attitudes, conduct, and their remedies may vary from one culture to another.     

            The paper is formed of five sections. Section one covers the notion and theories of politeness. Section Two deals with Politeness Strategies. Section three is devoted to Speech Acts as related to ‘Politeness’. Section Four tackles stylistic varieties as related to ‘Politeness’. Section Five tackles the shortcomings of the theory and draws a comparison between politeness and Impoliteness, reviewing models of Impoliteness to clarify the difference in the strategies used.

            The paper ends with the conclusions, followed by the bibliography.

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 30 2010
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
A prospective study of colonoscopic examination at al-kindy teaching hospital
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Background: Fiber-optic endoscopy is an important
investigation of the large intestine, whether or not the
radiologist (barium enema) has discovered a lesion in
the bowel. Colonoscopy affords a unique opportunity
to direct visualization of entire colonic mucosa. At
the same time, the physician can obtain biopsy specimens, remove polyps, and decompress volvuli.
Most experienced endoscopists and well prepared
patients can reach the cecum in over 90% of patients.
If colonoscopy is properly performed, it has a low
risk of complications, such as perforation and bleeding.
Methods: A total of 70 consecutive patients admitted
to Endoscopy department at Al-Kindy Teaching hospital from September- 2008 to July-2009.

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Publication Date
Thu Apr 10 2025
Journal Name
University Of Baghdad
Decolonizing Trauma and Cocooning Identity: A Study in Selected Postcolonial Plays
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The concept of decolonization of trauma has intrigued researchers for years due to its prolonged effect on personal and cultural levels. The process of intellectual decolonization involves defensive survival mechanisms, such as cultural rituals using traditional practices, nostalgic dialogues that idealize memories and recollections, and conversations about identity to navigate postcolonial trauma displacement. Symbolic connections evoke strong emotional responses, bridging the gap between the characters‘ physical dislocation and their imaginary homeland. Cocooning identity represents a space where a multidimensional self emerges—one that holds the victim of trauma, the survivor who endures, and the narrator, who constructs an idealized

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Publication Date
Sat Nov 05 2022
Journal Name
Resmilitaris
Job Burnout Among Social Workers in Iraqi society: A Social Study
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There are a number of obstacles in the field of work of social workers that prevent them from performing their full role. Their tasks may sometimes be easy and manageable and at other times they may be difficult and complex, however professional roles are mostly the latter, contribute to the feeling of the inability to provide the work required at the level expected by others. In such cases, the relationship binding specialists to their work is affected negatively and this has devastating effects on the professional process as a whole, including their professional practice. This feeling of helplessness and depletion of energy and effort leads to a state of fatigue and emotional exhaustion that can be defined as job burnout, our study aims t

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2023
Journal Name
Medical Journal Of Babylon
Platelet-rich Fibrin Potential Role in Periodontal Regeneration: A Review Study
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Periodontitis is a persistent bacterial-causing disease which damages the supporting periodontium of the teeth. The complexity of supporting tissue structure makes the regeneration a challenge for periodontists. Early investigations were focused on discovering therapeutic substitutes that are biocompatible, simple to prepare and economic. This might cause a local release of growth factors that accelerate the healing process of the soft and hard tissue. Recently, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has received a wide attention as a biocompatible regenerative material in both dental and medical fields. PRF is a natural fibrin-derived biomaterial, and it is easy to obtain. It can be gotten from individual blood without the use of any external anticoag

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 07 2008
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
A Study of some biochemical parameters in patients with - thalassemia
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Serum levels of iron,copper,ceruloplasmin and transferrine were estimated in three groups of patients with ?- thalassemia: 24 patients have splenectomy thalassemia major, 29 patients have non splenectomy thalassemia major and 19 patients have thalassemia intermedia , data were compared to normal and pathological controls (anemia and minor). There were significant increase in trace element levels in all studied groups of pateints as compared to normal and pathological controls. Also there were a significant increase in ceruloplasmin levels,While the result revealed that there were a significant decrease in transferrine levels in all groups of patients studied as compared to normal and pathological controls. The result also indicate that the

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 01 2022
Journal Name
Alustath
Metrical Phonology in Classical English and Arabic Poetry: A Contrastive Study
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One of the prominent goals of Metrical Phonology Theory is providing stress of poetry on the syllable-, the foot-, and the phonological word- levels. Analysing poetry is one of the most prominent and controversial issues for the involved number and types of syllables, feet, and meters are stable in poetry compared to other literary texts. The prosodic seeds of the theory have been planted by Firth (1948) in English, while in Arabic يديهارفلا in the second half of the eighth century (A.D.) has done so. Investigating the metrical structure of poetry has been conducted in various languages, whereas scrutinising the metrical structure of English and Arabic poetry has received little attention. This study aims at capturing the

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Publication Date
Mon Dec 03 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Similarity and Difference between Sustainable and Green Architecture (a Comparative Study)
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The research is concerned with studying the characteristics of Sustainable Architecture and Green Architecture, as a general research methodology related to the specific field of architecture, based on the differentiation between two generic concepts, Sustainability and Greening, to form the framework of the research specific methodology, where both concepts seem to be extremely overlapping for research centers, individuals, and relevant organizations. In this regard, the research tend towards searching their characteristics and to clearly differentiates between the two terms, particularly in architecture, where the research seeks understanding sustainable and green architectures, how they are so close or so far, and the

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 07 2010
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
A systematical study about the genus Lycopus L. (Labiatae) in Iraq
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The study included gross morphology and pollen of plants – which collected during field trips , and dry ones for most specimen preserved with the Iraqi herbaria – related to the genus Lycopus L. , and to identify the unidentified species and rectify the error there in , so according to that the species L. europaeus L. only were specified for the genus . Through this work the varity L. europaeus var. glabrescens Schmidely were found at the first time , and suggested to record anew for Iraq . Pollen were of medium size, and had an ellipsoid shape in the equatorial view , and hexagonal in the polar view. The ecological and soil quality where these genus plants grows were specified , and were geographically distribut

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Publication Date
Wed Aug 19 2020
Journal Name
International Journal Of Research In Social Sciences And Humanities
HUMOUR IN THE AMERICAN AND BRITISH COMEDYEPISODES: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS STUDY
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DBNRAAK Mohammed, International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2020

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 15 2022
Journal Name
Arab World English Journal
Genre-Based Analysis of Selected Political Debates: A Discourse Analysis Study
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The researchers of the present study have conducted a genre analysis of two political debates between American presidential nominees in the 2016 and 2020 elections. The current study seeks to analyze the cognitive construction of political debates to evaluate the typical moves and strategies politicians use to express their communicative intentions and to reveal the language manifestations of those moves and strategies. To achieve the study’s aims, the researchers adopt Bhatia’s (1993) framework of cognitive construction supported by van Emeren’s (2010) pragma-dialectic framework. The study demonstrates that both presidents adhere to this genre structuring to further their political agendas. For a positive and promising image

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