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The use of Arabic-Islamic Theme in The Stories of Western writers: El empleo del material árabe-islámico en las historias de los escritores occidentales
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This article presents and  explores the theoretical aspect in the use of Arab Islamic theme by the western writers to obtain and achieve individual motives. In this study the model for the theory of Arab presence in Andalusia  , through the book entitled “ Alhamra” by the English writer Washington Erving ,was  analyzed.

The most important results in this research: the success of  the author in the employment of the Islamic history in the formation of the first American legend, Columbus legend, through the selection of the right thoughts to establish his American National theory.  The author compared between the Andalusia experience and the Arab occupation to Spain and the American conquest of the new continent. This comparison is based on the  Fight and Building theory. The Arab occupation of Spain came as a result of the weakness and deterioration of Europe . During the occupation time, Arabs built a civilization which was remarkable for its scientific and cultural excellence. Erving exploits this experience to justify the appearance of the United States on the expense of the aboriginal people.  

The writer  holds comparison between the Moriscos, the Muslims of Spain who were a mixture of Arabs, Berbers, and Spanish people, and the new nation which was born in America . Then he points out the past of the  disunited Arabs at the late period of their Andalusian state  to warn the American of his time from disunity and sectarianism , and the absence of the heroic leadership. In both cases he exploits the Islamic Arab history not to serve the contemporary Arabs but to form  the American self-image.

Resumen

Este artículo trata de presentar o revelar el aspecto teórico del uso del material árabe- islámico por parte de escritores occidentales con el objetivo de lograr motivos individuales, motivos que merecen ser seguidos y estudiados y que luego analizamos; como ejemplo, la teoría de la presencia árabe- islámica en el Al-Ándalus de Washington Irving en su libro Alhambra.

Los resultados más importantes de la investigación son: El éxito de Washington Irving en el uso de la historia islámica para formular el primer mito estadounidense, el mito de Colón al elegir las ideas correctas para realizar su teoría nacional estadounidense, el escritor comparó entre la experiencia de Al-Ándalus y la ocupación de los árabes a España y la ocupación de los primeros americanos al nuevo continente y esta comparación que apoya a la teoría de la lucha y la construcción, la ocupación de los árabes llegó a España en un momento de debilidad y decadencia en Europa y durante el período de ocupación o conquista árabe, los árabes construyeron la civilización árabe caracterizada por la superioridad cultural y científica y era la mediadora en Europa a la edad del Renacimiento. Esta experiencia es una forma de justificar la construcción de los Estados Unidos en  la tierra de población indígena, por lo tanto el escritor comparó entre los moriscos (musulmanes de España), que son mezclas de árabes, bereberes, españoles y la nueva población que nació en Estados Unidos. Luego, hace escritor una referencia al pasado de la decadencia y la división de los árabes en los últimos días del Estado musulmán en Al-Ándalus, advirtiendo a los estadounidenses de su era de la división, la fragmentación, el sectarismo y la ausencia de un liderazgo heroico. En ambos casos, la historia islámica árabe se emplea no para servir a los árabes contemporáneos, sino para formar la imagen del yo estadounidense.

 

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 01 2011
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The use of the methods of the lower squares and the smaller squares weighted in the estimation of the parameters and design of the sample acceptance schemesFor general exponential distribution
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The acceptance sampling plans for generalized exponential distribution, when life time experiment is truncated at a pre-determined time are provided in this article. The two parameters (α, λ), (Scale parameters and Shape parameters) are estimated by LSE, WLSE and the Best Estimator’s for various samples sizes are used to find the ratio of true mean time to a pre-determined, and are used to find the smallest possible sample size required to ensure the producer’s risks, with a pre-fixed probability (1 - P*). The result of estimations and of sampling plans is provided in tables.

Key words: Generalized Exponential Distribution, Acceptance Sampling Plan, and Consumer’s and Producer Risks

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Publication Date
Mon Jun 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
The The Use of Copper and Aluminum Electrodes for Energy Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell
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Microbial fuel cell is a device that uses the microorganism metabolism for the production of electricity under specific operating conditions. Double chamber microbial fuel cell was tested for the use of two cheap electrode materials copper and aluminum for the production of electricity under different operating conditions. The investigated conditions were concentration of microorganism (yeast) (0.5- 2 g/l), solutions temperature (33-45 oC) and concentration of glucose as a substrate (1.5- 6 g/l). The results demonstrated that copper electrode exhibit good performance while the performance of aluminum is poor. The electricity is generated with and without the addition of substrate. Addition of glucose substrate

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Publication Date
Fri Oct 01 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
The Use of SBS-Modified Binder to Eliminate the Aggregate Gradation Deviation Effects in Asphalt Mixtures
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Asphalt Hot Mix (HMA) is mainly applied in highway construction in Iraq because of its economic advantage and easy maintenance. Various factors impact the performance of HMA in the field. It is one of the significant impacts on aggregate gradation. The Universal Specification for Roads and Bridges in Iraq (SCRB) limits the different types of asphalt layers and allows for designed tolerance aggregate gradation. It is quite hard for contractors in the present asphalt industries to achieve the required job mix because of sieves' control problems. This study focuses on the effects on the required specification performance of aggregate deviations by using original and modified asphalt binder with AC(40-50) and

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Rationalization the costs of agricultural Activities under the use of genetic engineering: An applied research in ministry of agriculture - The directorate of inspection & certification of seeds
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The importance of this research has been to rationalize the cost of producing maize seeds through the followers of modern techniques and methods in agricultural activities such as genetic engineering for increasing production efficiency of maize seeds as well as the importance of calculating seed cost rationalization through the ABC system and thus rationalizing government spending. The research is based on one hypothesis in two ways that the use of genetic engineering on maize seeds works to: one - increase production efficiency of seeds and savings in agricultural inputs. 2. Rationalize the costs of examining and planting maize seeds. In order to calculate the costs will be based on the cost system based on activities ABC. The research

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Publication Date
Mon Jul 01 2019
Journal Name
Iop Conference Series: Materials Science And Engineering
The use of Mixed Bacterial Culture to improve the Biodegradation of Diesel Pollution
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This study was conducted to evaluate the hydrocarbon biodegradation abilities of Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Pentoae species which were isolated from different diesel-contaminated soil samples. The isolates were identified by the Vitek 2 system. Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FT-IR) tested the potential of these isolates to biodegrade the diesel according to the peak areas, a significant decrease in the area of the peaks at 2856-2928 cm−1 corresponds to aliphatic hydrocarbons. The appearance of small peaks at 900-1032 cm−1 refers to substituted benzene derivative compounds. An appearance of some new peaks at 3010- 3030 cm−1 which indicate the presence of alcohol (-OH) and ketones (RC=O)

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 09 2022
Journal Name
Technium Social Sciences Journal
The layered structure of the clause in English and Arabic ditransitive verbs: A Role and Reference Grammar Perspective
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This paper presents the syntactic dimension of ditransitive verbs in terms of the universal theory of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG). This theory is syntactic in nature, but it also covers the semantic as well as the pragmatic aspects of any linguistic phenomenon. It assumes a universal framework through which syntactic constructions can be analyzed. However, the morphological structure that each language enjoys renders the universal treatment more complicated and can question the universal nature of such a theory. In this paper, an attempt is made to check if the universal tenet of the theory is maintained over two typologically different languages: English and Arabic in respect of the way that double-object constructions (DOCs)

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 04 2020
Journal Name
Nternational Journal Of Plasma Environmental Science And Technology (ijpest)
Use of cold plasma in the synthesis of gold nanomaterials for parasitic leishmaniasis treatment
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The atmospheric air cold plasma has been used to manufacture gold nanomaterials for treating parasitic leishmaniasis. This study experimentally assessed the treatment of Leishmania parasites (L. donovani and L. tropica) by gold nanoparticles. Specifically, atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma was generated using different diameters (1.0, 2.8, 3.8 and 4.3 mm) of high voltage electrode. Aqueous gold tetrachloride salts (HAuCl4·4H2O) were used as precursor to produce gold nanoparticles. UV-vis spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction were conducted for characterization of the nanoparticles. The optimum condition (a diameter of 1 mm) was chosen to prepare gold nanoparticles, where the grain size was found to be 17 nm. Accordingly, the nanoparticle

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Publication Date
Mon Nov 30 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The Use of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Method in Investigating The Impact of Interest Rate on Foreign Direct Investment in Yemen for the Period 1990-2018
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 Foreign direct investment has seen increasing interest worldwide, especially in developing economies. However, statistics have shown that Yemen received fluctuating FDI inflows during the period under study. Against this background, this research seeks to determine the relationship and impact of interest rates on FDI flows. The study also found other determinants that greatly affected FDI inflows in Yemen for the period 1990-2018. Study data collected from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund databases. It also ensured that the time series were made balanced and interconnected, and then the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag method used in the analysis. The results showed that the interest rates and

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Publication Date
Fri Nov 11 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The initiative of the Central Bank of Iraq and its impact on some banking activities provided by private Islamic banks
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Islamic banks are distinguished by providing banking activities that are unique in providing them from the rest of the other types of banks, and these activities are a group of banking services provided by the bank to its customers, whether these banking activities are tangible or intangible. At the same time, it is a source of bank profits, as Islamic banks impose a percentage of Islamic Murabaha on those banking activities , However, these banks have developed new services that they provide with the funds of the Central Bank initiative launched at the beginning of (2016) due to the economic conditions that befell the country due to the (financial security) crisis that the country faced in 2014. To put forward initiatives, and a

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 15 2020
Journal Name
Al-academy
Attitudes of Teachers of Art Education towards the Use of Visual Intelligence in Teaching: تحرير جاسم كاطع
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     The scientific and technological developments and their practical applications in all fields of life in general and in the education field in specific have led to the emergence of variables in the educational structure, teaching methods and in education in their modern form which is consistent in its entirety with    the spirit of the age. We today live the age of knowledge increase full of wide ranging scientific and technological developments. Thus life demands human capabilities of a special kind able to develop and innovate. Here the increasing significance emerges for taking care of the human powers through educational systems much different from those current traditional systems.  System

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