The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the concept of fuzzy logic ,its application in linguistics ,especially in language teaching and the fuzziness of some lexical items in English.
Fuzziness means that the semantic boundaries of some lexical items are indefinite and ideterminate.Fuzzy logic provides a very precise approach for dealing with this indeterminacy and uncertainty which grows (among other reasons) out of human behavior and the effect of society.
The concept of fuzzy logic has emerged in the development of the theory of fuzzy set by Lotfi Zadeh(a professor of computer science at the university of California) in 1965.It can be thought of as the application side of the fuzzy set theory. In linguistics, few scholars have dealt with this phenomenon, among them, Lakoff (1972), Labov (1973), and Aitchison (1994). Consequently, very little literature is available on this concept in linguistics. The researcher has to collect bits of information scattered in various fields of knowledge.
The paper is of three sections: section one surveys briefly some of the semantic terms which are closely related to lexical fuzziness, since it is a problem of meaning by nature, like denotation versus connotation and intension versus extension. Section two is of two main parts. The first explores in detail the emergence of fuzzy logic, shedding light on its development and the criticism to it. The second part is devoted to lexical fuzziness, trying to discover its characteristics, the reasons behind its existence in languages, its relation to other similar concepts like vagueness, its application in teaching a second language and some other related titles.
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds.
Because it has a prominent role in the life of the Muslim person in particular, and in the stability, security, and safety of society in general, I found it appropriate to participate even a little in solving some of the problems that arise in the nation, and that Adello Badawi in this important issue that concerns everyone without exception And that I show that there are constants in the Koran, from which the scholars of the Ummah derived their evidence on this subject, and that there have been variables have occurred in some Islamic societies, in the issue of blood money that deserves the victim and his family, has allocated talk
Different Arabic and Islamic societies are free of evil instincts. Therefore, certain provisions of legitimacy came to stress the importance of the intentions of sharia to achieve the interests of all people that involve several aspects, including the five fundamental things: religion, oneself, offspring, mind and money. Almighty Allah has specified certain punishments on those who violate these things by imposing punishments on the part of the criminal to preserve souls. He imposes the penalty of theft to preserve property, the Hadd punishment for adultery to preserve the symptoms, the punishment on the drunk to preserve the mind, and the Hadd punishment for the apostate to preserve the religion. By the adherence to these punishments li
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By using the deacetylation method, chitin is converted into bioproduct chitosan. Deacetylation can be accomplished using chemical or biological mechanisms. Due to its biocompatibility, nontoxicity, biodegradability, natural origin, and resemblance to human macromolecules, it is useful in medicine. Chitosan may have antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Additionally, it could be used in biotechnology, agriculture, gene therapy, food technology, medication delivery, cancer therapy, and other fields. The objective of the current review was to list the most significant applications of Chitosan in the biomedical field.
The Arabic language has always been and still is the preoccupation of our scholars, both advanced and late, because of the amazing secrets that this language holds. What distinguished it from the rest of the languages is that its owners speak with sounds that others are unable to pronounce, except by vigorous attempts, and these voices include za’, middle and extreme hamza, and ha’.
Ser y Estar
زمانةوانة بونيادطةرة ئةمريكييةكان لة نيَوانى سالاَنى ( 1925 – 1945 ) بةتيَثةرِبووكات تيؤرى ( فؤنيم)يان ضةسثاند ،بةم جؤرة زمانةوانةكان ئاراستةى كاريان بةرةو مؤرفؤلؤذى طؤرِى بؤية ماوةى نيَوان سالاَنى ( 1940 –1960 ) ليَكؤلَينةوةى مؤرفؤلؤذى بووة خالَى بنةرِةتى (1 ) . جيَى ئاماذةية كة ئةو كةم و كورتيانةى كة لة ثيَناسةى وشةدا دةركةوت هؤكاريَكى سةرةكى بوون بؤ ئةوةى بةدواى جيَطرةوةيةك بطةرِيَن ، كة ئةويش ضةمكى مؤرفيم بو
... Show MoreL'ouverture des frontières et la mondialisation des échanges,comme les projets de l'intégration font de la connaissance de langue un enjeu essentiel ,professionnel et culturel,pour le citoyen de demain.
L'Irak est un pays Anglophone où domine l'anglais,le français est considérée comme deuxième langue étrangère en Irak.
Notre mini-mémoire se compose de deux parties.Dans la première partie nous essayons d'examiner la place du français en Irak qui nous dirige à savoir pourquoi on apprend le français en Irak et qui l'apprend?Est –ce qu'il y a une coopération française?
Dans la deuxième partie nous examinons les problèmes du français en Ir
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Pretendemos hacer con este trabajo un breve recorrido sobre lo que han dicho algunos gramáticos de las construcciones condicionales, a la par señalaremos los criterios que los mismos establecen y siguen para diferenciar entre distintos tipos de estructuras condicionales o entre las construcciones que ellos entienden o consideran como tales y las que no, atendiendo fundamentalmente a dos criterios; formal y semántico-pragmático. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo la clasificación y la descripción de las construcciones condicionales, demostrando que no todas las condicionales son hipotéticas ni todas las hipotéticas son condicionales.
Abstract
We intend to make this work
... Show MoreThis study was conducted for the purpose of exploring the relationship between positive thinking and academic achievement in art history. And it relates to the student’s personality, intelligence, abilities and economic and social level. The sample of the study consisted of (40) male and female students from the first stage students - Department of Art Education in the Faculty of Fine Arts / Morning Study, A positive thinking questionnaire was applied to them, and the study found that there is no positive relationship between positive thinking and academic achievement in art history.
Research Summary
This research deals with the history of the founding of one of the most prominent religious schools in Iraqi Kurdistan and its scientific and cognitive contributions that lasted for more than a century, which is the “Biyara” school, where it was a large scientific institution from which distinguished scholars graduated who served Islam and Muslims in Iraq and neighboring countries, and played an important role in teaching Mental and transport sciences and the preservation of the Arabic language in Iraqi Kurdistan. The history of the founding of this school goes back to the year 1037 AH, at the hands of its founder, Sheikh Oma
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