Research summary

Westernization is a term not familiar to our scholars at the beginning of the emergence of translation from Western literature, sciences and arts in its detailed form now.

Westernization was not an issue that those Greeks, Persians, Romans, Indians and others worked on translating those sciences and cultures. Rather, it was a process of transferring a new philosophy and logic that had not been previously seen by the Arabs, so they were affected by it in a strange way, to the point of fascination by some of them. For this reason, this research came to clarify these issues and address them within the scientific methodology.

The harsh human suffering experienced by the Andalusians were a religious conflict and racist impact on all aspects of public life. The religious factor most important factors that determined the nature of the hostile relationship between the Andalusian and Castilian, Castile has sought to make them Christians by force through laws that deprived them of all their rights. In spite of the large number of those laws, the authority admitted inability to subdue the Andalusians to its will through the issuance of the final decree of expulsion.

Hedging is a linguistic avoidance of full commitment or precision. It is the use of a vague language. The main objectives of this study are to

كانت االمثمة ومازالت الػسيمة الػحيجة واالىع في ايزاح القػاعج الشحػية قجيسا وحجيثا ، فالسثال ىػ الصخيقة التي بػاسصتيا يفيع الستعمع ما يخيج ان يػصمو السعمع ، فالذخح الكثيخ والدخد ال يػصل الى بيان القاعجة مالع يعدز باالمثمة . وليحا فان اختيار السثال السشاسب في السكان السشاسب ال يتع بصخيقة عذػائية اذا يشبغي ان يكػن السثال ذا معاييخ ومػاصفات تشاسب السقام الحي قيمت فيو . مغ ىشا جاء ىحا البحث ليبيغ ما السػاصفات الت

The historian, Professor Dr. Abdullah Al-Fayyad, left a huge legacy of knowledge product that scholars and stakeholders benefited from in the field of Islamic historical and modern studies,

واجهت السياسة الخارجية الروسية لمرحلة مابعد الحرب الباردة معضلات في ظل المعطيات الدولية والاقليمية المتمثلة في تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي، وتشكل نسق النظام الدولي الجديد الاحادي القطبية بزعامة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية، لذا فقد انقسمت دائرة صنع القرار السياسي الخارجي الروسي حول طبيعة السياسة الخارجية الواجب اتباعها والتي من المفترض ان تحقق الاهداف الروسية، لاسيما ان اهداف السياسة الخارجية الروسية قد تحدد

المجال الحيوي للاقتصاد الايراني وانعكاساته على اقتصاديات دول الخليج العربي

This study analyses six political cartoons selected based on their relevance to current Iraqi political issues, specifically the period between 2005 and 2015, from American online newspapers (calgecartooms.com). The selection criteria included the cartoons' satirical elements, visual rhetoric, and their ability to engage with themes such as power dynamics, social issues, and public opinion. It sheds light on how these cartoons can function as mediators of meanings between the cartoonists and the readers. The data is examined using multimodal discourse analysis (MDA), which combines language study with the analysis of other visual elements, like colors, gestures, and images, to understand meaning (O’Halloran et al., 2011). The Visual Socia

When writing a text, such as a newspaper article, various types of discourse markers are frequently used to group sentences into paragraphs and parts in order to establish a discourse with certain functions, such as coordination, orientation, emphasizing the concepts presented, etc. It should also be noted that this type of mark exists in both written and spoken language. Therefore, it is convenient to dedicate a chapter to these linguistic elements to clarify their use and their classification, which is mainly based on Jose Portolés (2001), as well as the main features, specifically their features (prosodic, morphological, semantic and pragmatic).

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