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The architectural design of the holy shrines
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As an architectural philosophical concept, Islamic architecture cannot be considered arches, doors, domes and lighthouses, since Islamic architecture is based on a structural system of religious, mental, philosophical and logical origins and beliefs shared by the arts, technology and the requirements of the surrounding environment. Rather, the architectural designer's distance from it becomes as if it is for people not from this world, and Islamic architecture is not abbreviated on the heritage side as much as it is a renewed "modern" state, dealing with the concepts of Islam that are valid for every time and place. This can be seen through the mechanisms that produced heritage architecture and what was built on it, which is not a simulation of forms without contents. Islamic architecture is the result of Islamic thought in the areas it reached, as it was logical that the Islamic architectural characteristics were greatly influenced by the beliefs and adopters of the Islamic religion and the scientific renaissance that followed. The difference between one region and another is based, for example, on the factors of climate, weather and the previous architectural cultural heritage in the areas where Islam has reached. For example, the open courtyard is spread in Iraq, the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula, while it disappeared in Turkey and other northern regions that Islam reached as a result of the cold atmosphere in the first and the architectural heritage in the second. There is no doubt that the impact of natural manifestations and their temporal and spatial requirements for architectural structures has had a great role in the search for the truth inherent in their expressive means through knowledge of architectural manifestations in Islamic countries, because the birth of theories and their adoption in the formation of architectural forms is not due to criticism of previous theories. Rather, due to the urgent need to provide a new diversification in forms compatible with the surrounding environmental diversity, and the outcome of the above, the naturalization of constructive relations in architecture and art starts according to the techniques and methods of achievement, which use the expressive and subjective aspect in reference to the exclusion of the natural phenomenon, a feature that has represented the common denominator of architectural genres over the ages. It is the one that strengthened its internal construction in order to find a visual equivalent based on the architectural geometric form used in mosques and holy shrines

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 05 2011
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Design and Construction of a Testing Platform and Estimating Attenuation Painting Reflectivity to Laser Beam
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The project has been described the design and construction of a reliable optical testing platform used for evaluate the reflectivity of metal surfaces treated with special paintings required for laser beam attenuation. The platform comprises an Nd-YAG laser system which has been designed and fabricated with specifications to be compatible with their corresponding in laser range finder transmitters used for various applications. The reflectivity of various attenuating paintings, at different detection angles, has been observed. Moreover, the variation of the reflected energy with painting type and metal type to be painted has been studied experimentally. Results illustrated the existence of a definite angle, at which the reflectivity was max

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
DESIGN OF A VARIABLE GAIN NONLINEAR FUZZY CONTROLLER AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT DUE TO GAIN VARIATION
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In this paper, variable gain nonlinear PD and PI fuzzy logic controllers are designed and the effect of the variable gain characteristic of these controllers is analyzed to show its contribution in enhancing the performance of the closed loop system over a conventional linear PID controller. Simulation results and time domain performance characteristics show how these fuzzy controllers outperform the conventional PID controller when used to control a nonlinear plant and a plant that has time delay.

Publication Date
Thu Jun 01 2023
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Design and construction of anair pollution detection system using a laser beam and absorption spectroscopy
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Air pollution is one of the important problems facing Iraq. Air pollution is the result of uncontrolled emissions from factories, car exhaust electric generators, and oil refineries and often reaches unacceptable limits by international standards. These pollutants can greatly affect human health and regular population activities. For this reason, there is an urgent need for effective devices to monitor the molecular concentration of air pollutants in cities and urban areas. In this research, an optical system has been built consisting of aHelium-Neonlaser,5mWand at 632.8 nm, a glass cell with a defined size, and a power meter(Gentec-E-model: uno) where a scattering of the laser beam occurs due to air pollution. Two pollutants were examin

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Publication Date
Fri Jun 16 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-issn 1683 - 3597 E-issn 2521 - 3512)
An update on Nanoparticle Formulation Design of Piperine to Improve its Oral bioavailability: A Review
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Piperine, a crystalline alkaloid compound isolated from Piper nigrum, piper longum, and other types of piper, has had many fabulous pharmacological advantages for preventing and treating some specific diseases, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimetastatic, antithyroid, immunomodulatory, antitumor, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's, and improving the bioavailability of other drugs. However, its potential for clinical use through oral usage is hindered by water solubility and poor bioavailability. The low level of oral bioavailability is caused by low solubility in water and is photosensitive, susceptible to isomerization by UV light, which causes piperine concentration to decrease. Many different

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Publication Date
Sat Apr 01 2023
Journal Name
Chemical Methodologies
A Novel Design for Gas Sensor of Zinc Oxide Nanostructure Prepared by Hydrothermal Annealing Technique
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Publication Date
Wed Dec 25 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Corrosion Rate Optimization of Mild-Steel under Different Cooling Tower Working Parameters Using Taguchi Design
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This study investigates the implementation of Taguchi design in the estimation of minimum corrosion rate of mild-steel in cooling tower that uses saline solution of different concentration. The experiments were set on the basis of Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array. The runs were carried out under different condition such as inlet concentration of saline solution, temperature, and flowrate. The Signal-to- Noise ratio and ANOVA analysis were used to define the impact of cooling tower working conditions on the corrosion rate. A regression had been modelled and optimized to identify the optimum level for the working parameters that had been founded to be 13%NaCl, 35ᴼC, and 1 l/min. Also a confirmation run to establish the p

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Publication Date
Thu Aug 08 2024
Journal Name
New Materials, Compounds And Applications
MOLECULAR MODELLING AND THEORETICAL DESIGN OF NOVEL NIRMATRELVIR DERIVATIVES AS SARS-COV-2 ENTRY INHIBITORS
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The pandemic SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmittable with its proliferation among nations. This study aims to design and exploring the efficacy of novel nirmatrelvir derivatives as SARS entry inhibitors by adapting a molecular modeling approach combined with theoretical design. The study focuses on the preparation of these derivatives and understanding their effectiveness, with a special focus on their binding affinity to the S protein, which is pivotal for the virus’s access to the host cell. Considering molecular docking aspects in the scope of a study on nirmatrelvir derivatives and S protein, dynamics simulations with 25 nanoseconds of their binding are explored. The study shows that these derivatives might work as effective antivi

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Publication Date
Fri Jul 21 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
DESIGN OF A VARIABLE GAIN NONLINEAR FUZZY CONTROLLER AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT DUE TO GAIN VARIATION
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In this paper, variable gain nonlinear PD and PI fuzzy logic controllers are designed and the effect of the variable gain characteristic of these controllers is analyzed to show its contribution in enhancing the performance of the closed loop system over a conventional linear PID controller. Simulation results and time domain performance characteristics show how these fuzzy controllers outperform the conventional PID controller when used to control a nonlinear plant and a plant that has time delay.

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 18 2025
Journal Name
Physica Scripta
Design and Analysis of a highly sensitive open trapezoidal channel PCF-based Plasmonic Refractometric Sensor
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Abstract<p>This study introduces a highly sensitive trapezium-shaped PCF based on an SPR refractometric sensor with unique design features. The structure of a sensor was designed and analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics v5.6 based on Finite Element Method (FEM) with a focus on investigating the influence of various geometric parameters on its performance. The two channels were coated with a metallic gold layer to provide chemical stability, and a thin layer of TiO₂ improved the gold's adhesion to the fiber. The findings indicate that the proposed sensor achieves maximum amplitude and wavelength sensitivities of 1,779 RIU⁻¹ and 30,500 nm/RIU, respectively, with corresponding resolutions of 3.2</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Tue Nov 18 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
The influence of cavity design for cusp coverage on fracture strength of weakened maxillary first premolars using two esthetic restorative systems (CAD/CAM hybrid ceramic and nanohybrid composite) (An in vitro study)
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Background: Maxillary first premolar with wide MOD cavity more susceptible to fracture. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of cavity design for cusp coverage on the fracture resistance of weakened maxillary first premolar restored with CAD/CAM hybrid ceramic versus nanohybide composite. Materials and Methods: Fifty six intact maxillary first premolars of approximately comparable sizes were divided into seven groups eight for each: Group A: Intact teeth (control group); Group B: teeth prepared for MOD inlay; Group C: teeth prepared for MOD onlay covering the lingual cusp; Group D: teeth prepared for MOD covering buccal and lingual cusps ,the previous three groups indirectly restored with nanohybrid composite (3M ESPE Z 250 X

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