Background: Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the supporting tissues of the teeth and it’s common among adults. Smoking is an important risk factor for periodontitis induces alveolar bone loss. Alkaline phosphatase enzyme is involved in the destruction of the human periodontium. It is produced by many cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, osteoblasts, macrophages and fibroblasts within the area of the periodontium and gingival crevice. Osteocalcin is one of the most abundant matrix proteins found in bones and the only matrix protein synthesized exclusively there. Smaller Osteocalcin fragments are found in areas of bone remodeling and are actually degradation products of the bone matrix.The purpose of this study was to evaluatethe effect of smoking on the salivary alkaline phosphatase and Osteocalcin in subjects with chronic periodontitis compared to control subjects. Materials and Methods: Five ml of unstimulated whole saliva samples and full-mouth clinical periodontal recordings (plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level) were obtained from study groups (25 light smokers and 33 non-smokerssubjects, both with chronic periodontitis) and control groups (8 light smokers and 13 non-smokers subjects, both with healthy periodontium). All subjects were systemically healthy males, with age range (30-50) years. Salivary Alkaline phosphatase and Osteocalcin levels were determined by Colorimetric and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays, respectively. Results: Smoker chronic periodontitis patients revealed non-significant differences in clinical periodontal parameters with non-smoker counterparts (P˃o.o5) in terms of Plaque index, Probing pocket depth and Clinical attachment loss, with slight increase in plaque index value in smoker chronic periodontitis group(1.42±0.46) than non-smoker chronic periodontitis group, while there were highly significant differences in terms of Gingival index and Bleeding on probing(P ≤ 0.01).Osteocalcin levels were lower in smoker chronic periodontitis group (0.13±0.20) than non-smoker chronic periodontitis group (1.09±2.26) with significant difference (0.05 ≥ P > 0.01). Mean of Alkaline phosphatase level was lower in smoker chronic periodontitis (11.14±4.53) than non-smoker chronic periodontitis (11.45±4.17) with a non-significant difference, while there was a significant difference inAlkaline phosphatase concentrations between smoker and non-smoker control groups.There were non-significant differences between smoker chronic periodontitis and smoker control groups in terms of Osteocalcin and Alkaline phosphatase concentrations. There were non-significant differences between non-smoker chronic periodontitis and non-smoker control groups in terms of Osteocalcin and Alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it may be suggested that suppression of salivary Osteocalcin levels by smoking and slight increase in alkaline phosphatase in smokers groups, may explain the deleterious effects of smoking on periodontal health status.
Field experiment was conducted to test the effect of saline water 2 and7 dSm-1 potassium fertilizer rate 150,300 and 450 kg/donum on nitrogen fixation in Pisum sativum L. nodules. The experiment included anatomy study .Results water salinity ( 2,7 dSm-1) as a main plot and fertilizer rates as a sub plot. Results indicated that irrigation with saline water 7 dSm-¹ caused a significant decrease in N contents especially in the lower parts of the plants. The percentage of the N decreased in lower leaves to (0.01%) under 7dSm-¹ and 300 kg/donum fertilizer; however the percentage increased in the upper leaves to (2.80%) under with 2dSm-¹of irrigation water and 300 kg/ donum fertilizer rate. Fresh weight decreased to 6.26g under 7 dSm
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been defined as a clinical syndrome that is characterized by abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs, especially the liver .This study was conducted to assess the effect obesity and insulin resistance on liver enzymes in diabetic Iraqi patients.A comparative study of (90) Iraqi adults divided to three subgroup(30) obese ,(30) nonobese diabetic patients and(30)person had used as control. The analysis included Liver enzyme ALP,ALT,AST,GGT ,Fasting Plasma Glucose (FBG) , Lipid Profile , Hemoglobin A1C , insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR) were measured. Subjects
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The detection of fungi contaminating maize grain and the effect of four plant extracts Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globulus Glycyrrhiza glabra and Zingiber officinale on the growth of A. flavus and its ability to produce AflatoxinB1. The results showed that the incidence of Aspergillus spp., was 52.75% of the isolated fungi, of which 29.50% was due to Aspergillus flavus, followed by Penicillium spp., with an incidence of 21.06%, and then Fusarium spp., with a rate of 18.13%. The percentage of toxin-producing A. flavus isolates reached 70.8% out of 24 isolates. The results showed the effect of alcoholic plant extracts at a concentration of 10 mg/ml on the fungal growth activity of A. flavus, the alcoholic extract of neem leaves was superi
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Objectives: to compare health of mothers and neonatal among age groups, to find out the correlation between
age groups and mother and neonatal health.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out at delivery rooms of three teaching hospitals in Baghdad city
from Feb. 28th through May. 28th
, 2013. A purposive (non-probability) sample of 300 laboring women was selected
from delivery rooms categorized into three groups, group 1 (≤19) years, group 2 their age between (20-35) years
old and group 3 their age (≥35) years. The data were collected through the use of constructing questionnaire, an
interview technique with mothers and reviewing their medical records as means of data collection; The
questionnaire con
A new, Simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) drug in pure and dosage forms. This method based on the reaction of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) with 1,2-napthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid (NQS) to form Nalkylamono naphthoquinone by replacement of the sulphonate group of the naphthoquinone sulphonic acid by an amino group. The colored chromogen shows absorption maximum at 460 nm. The optimum conditions of condensation reaction forms were investigated by (1) univariable method, by optimizing the effect of experimental variables (different bases, reagent concentration, borax concentration and reaction time), (2) central composite design (CCD) including the effect of
... Show MoreCarbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is an EOR technique in which carbon dioxide is injected into the reservoir to improve the oil recovery. The reservoir oil and rock properties are altered when carbon dioxide interacts with the oil and rock present in the reservoir. Carbon dioxide injection alters the oil and rock properties by causing reduction in oil viscosity, oil swelling and wettability alteration of the rock. This paper will present a proposal to study the wettability alteration in carbonate formations during miscible carbon dioxide flooding. In miscible carbon dioxide flooding, the injection pressure of carbon dioxide would be kept above the minimum miscibility pressure. Thus carbon dioxide is miscible with the oil present in the reservoi
... Show MoreForty six Iraqi women with PCOS were involved in this study . They were treated with metformin alone and with antioxidant agents (vitamin E or C).It was found that all patients who treated with metformin or with combination of metformin with antioxidant agents showed significant decrease in hirsutism score. The treatment of metformin with antioxidant agents is of great benefit in treatment of hirsutism in PCOS due to that there was no worsening effect after treatment. This may indicate that antioxidant agents may participate in alleviation of hirsutism so it can be said that oxidative stress may play an important role in developing of hirsutism in PCOS.
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