Background: The formation of white spot lesions around fixed orthodontic attachments is a common complication during and after fixed orthodontic treatment, which hinders the result of a successfully completed orthodontic treatment. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the Caries Infiltrant (ICON®) on prevention of caries on the smooth enamel surface when applied alone or combined with conventional adhesives. Materials and methods: Seventy eight human premolar enamel discs were randomly assigned to six groups (n=13). The discs were etched and treated with resins of different monomer content forming the following groups: (1)Untreated etched samples served as the negative control, (2) ICON® (DMG), (3) Adper™ SB 2 (3M ESPE), (4) Heliobond (IvoclarVivadent), (5) ICON®+ Adper™ SB 2 and (6) ICON®+ Heliobond. Specimens were subjected to demineralization by immersion in hydrochloric acid (pH 2.6) for 18 days. Calcium dissolution into the acid was assessed by photometric test via spectrophotometer at 24 hour intervals. Results: The results revealed that, there was a highly significant difference between the sealed groups and the unsealed (untreated) one (p≤0.00) indicating that the unsealed specimens showed the highest amount of Ca ion loss among all other groups. Additionally, there was no significant difference between untreated specimens and the ICON® sealed ones. While, Heliobond decreased the Ca ion loss significantly compared to the untreated specimens and Adper™ SB 2 performed significantly better than both ICON® and Heliobond. Furthermore, the combination of ICON® with either Adper™ SB 2 or Heliobond served as the best protective measures and maintained the protective effect during the whole experiment period. Therefore, within the limitations of this in vitro study, it could be concluded that the use of Caries Infiltrant prior to the application of the tested conventional adhesives increases their protective effect against demineralization.
Praise be to God, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of God, his family and companions, and from his family and after ...
It is the right of every nation to be proud of its heritage, science and civilization among the nations, taking pride in the efforts of its construction and the keenness of its scholars and dedication to serve their nation and their history, and from the great sciences that boast and honor our great nation and distinguish it over others the science of attribution and the preservation of the novel over generations and ages. The novel is preserved from the plagiarism of the nullified, the excess of the deceitful and the liars, and the science of isnad from religion as the scholars said, and without the
Background: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL9) has an important role recruiting the T-lymphocytes and immune response after infection by inducing T-cells accumulation around the areas associated with infections. However, this role is poorly known in relation with Toxoplasma gondii infection and also in association with thyroid hormones, which the present study is focused on. Methods: Eighty-seven women were included in this study for the period between September 2021 and February 2022. Blood samples of uninfected healthy pregnant, in addition to aborted and pregnant women infected with toxoplasmosis, were collected. Sera were then obtained and stored at -10°C. Toxo-latex agglutination test was done, followed by detec
... Show MoreThis study aims to identify the level of students’ awareness at Imam Muhammad bin Saud University of the requirements of married life in the light of social changes and suggested methods to deepen this awareness (according to the Islamic educational vision) from their own perspective. In this study, the researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey research method, depending on questionnaires to collect data, which he applied to students of College of Sharia in Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, as well as, students in the fields of Sociology, Social Work, and Psychology in the College of Social Sciences. The findings of the study revealed that students are aware of the requirements of married life concerning mutual ri
... Show MoreThe purpose of this paper is to identifying the relationship between some visual functions and the level of achievement of air rifle shooting among young Iraqi female, and identifying the relationship between some functional variables of the respiratory and nervous systems at the level of achievement of air rifle shooting among young Iraqi female. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the correlative relationships style for its suitability and the research problem. The researchers determined the research community by the intentional method represented by (10) young female shooters who represent the national team with air rifle shooting effectiveness, and who represent (100%) of the research community. One of the most important re
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Theoretical and experimental methodologies were assessed to test curved beam made of layered composite material. The maximum stress and maximum deflection were computed for each layer and the effect of radius of curvature and curve shape on them. Because of the increase of the use of composite materials in aircraft structures and the renewed interest in these types of problems, the presented theoretical assessment was made using three different approaches: curved beam theory and an approximate 2D strength of material equations and finite element method (FEM) analysis by ANSYS 14.5 program for twelve cases of multi-layered cylindrical shell panel differs in fibe
... Show MoreThe results of theoretical and experimental investigations carried out to study the effect of load and relative sliding speed on the abrasive wear behavior in drilling bit teeth surfaces of an insert tungsten carbide bit have been presented. Experimentally, an apparatus for abrasive wear tests conducted on the modified ASTM-G65 was modified and fabricated to facilitate loading and measurement of wear rate for the sand/ steel wheel abrasion test, which involves two cases of contact; first is at dry sand and second is under wet condition. These tests have been carried under varied operating parameters of normal load and sliding speed. A theoretical model based upon the Archard equation has been developed for predicting wear simulation by u
... Show MoreThe research dealt with the effect of the tax examiner's efficiency in detecting tax evasion, as the research problem dealt with tax evasion, especially in Iraq, for many reasons and factors, including those related to tax administration represented in administrative corruption and the complexity of procedures in the tax accounting process and failure to achieve justice in the tax treatment, including the taxpayer himself, as he tries to evade for reasons Related to the level of tax awareness, loss of confidence in the tax administration, and reasons related to the state's inability to manage the services file well and its ability to achieve the set goals, This reflected negatively on the emergence of some of the consequences of
... Show MoreThe Strait of Malacca is one of the waterways of strategic, political, and economic importance. This strait has an increasing importance to its neighboring countries. The Strait of Malacca is very important for China, especially in the field of energy supply security, as the vast ma jority of energy supplies come to China through this strait. China seeks to ensure its security, especially in light of the cooperation of countries that look forward to this strait as well as the United States, and what the United States may cause to China, as many of them are at war with China over the China Sea, not to mention the countries that overlook it. The importance of the research emerges from the basic idea that the strategic importance of the Strait
... Show MoreOyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.) is involved in the destruction of dead wood which is the main place of settlement of several living organisms. After humification, dead wood also becomes an important component of forest soils.
The purpose of the research is to study temperature and moisture conditions of extensive cultivation of oyster mushrooms on various wood substrates. To accomplish this goal, the following tasks were set: to determine the amount of effective stress temperatures and moisture content of substrates and their influence on the appearance of fruiting bodies of the oyster mushroom; to study the features of the extensive culti
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