In this work the effect of annealing temperature on the structure and the electrical properties of Bi thin films was studied, the Bi films were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature by thermal evaporation technique with thickness (0.4 µm) and rate of deposition equal to 6.66Å/sec, all samples are annealed in a vacuum for one hour. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the prepared samples are polycrystalline and it exhibits hexagonal structure. The electrical properties of these films were studied with different annealing temperatures, the d.c conductivity for films decreases from 16.42 ? 10-2 at 343K to 10.11?10-2 (?.cm)-1 at 363K. The electrical activation energies Ea1 and Ea2 increase from 0.031 to 0.049eV and

Porous silicon was prepared by using electrochemical etching process. The structure, electrical, and photoelectrical properties had been performed. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations of porous silicon layers were obtained before and after rapid thermal oxidation process. The rapid thermal oxidation process did not modify the morphology of porous layers. The unique observation was the pore size decreased after oxidation; pore number and shape were conserved. The wall size which separated between pore was increased after oxidation and that effected on charge transport mechanism of PS

The silicon carbide/carbon fiber (SiC/CF) hybrid fillers were introduced to improve the electrical and thermal conductivities of the epoxy resin composites. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the peaks at 3532 and 2850 cm⁻¹ relate to carboxylic acid O–H stretching and aldehyde C–H stretching appearing deeper with an increased volume fraction of SiC. Scanning electron microscopic image shows a better interface bonding between the fiber and the matrix when the volume fraction of SiC particles are increased. As frequency increases from 10² Hz to 10⁶ Hz, dielectric constants decrease slightly. Dissipation factor (tan δ) values keep low a

A study of the emission spectra of isotopic for electronic states has been carried out. The energies of the vibration levels ( =0,1,..25) and the values of spectral lines R(J) and P(J) versus rotational quantum number (J=0,1..25). It was found that were an increase of the value of R(J) with the increase of the values of J was found while the value of P(J) decreases with decreasing of the values of J . It was found that corresponding to R(J) and P(J) the spectral line R(J) increases when the values of m increased.

Polyaniline membranes of aniline were produced using an electrochemical method in a cell consisting of two poles. The effect of the vaccination was observed on the color of membranes of polyaniline, where analysis as of blue to olive green paints. The sanction of PANI was done by FT-IR and Raman techniques. The crystallinity of the models was studied by X-ray diffraction technique. The different electronic transitions of the PANI were determined by UV-VIS spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity of the manufactured samples was measured by using the four-probe technique at room temperature. Morphological studies have been determined by Atomic force microscopy (AFM). The structural studies have been measured by (SEM).

Abstract 

Locally natural occurring Iraqi rocks of Bauxite and Porcelanite (after pre calcinations at 1000^oC for 1hr) were used, with the addition of different proportions of MgO and Al₂O₃, to prepare refractory materials. The effects of these additives on the physical and thermal properties of the prepared refractories were investigated.

Many batches of Bauxite/MgO, Bauxite/Al₂O₃, Bauxite/MgO/Al₂O₃, and   Porcelanite/ MgO/Al₂O₃ were prepared. The mixture is milled and classified into different size fractions; fine (less than 45μm) 40%, middle (45-75μm) 40%, and coarse (75-106μm) 20% .

This work studied the electrical and thermal surface conductivity enhancement of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) clouded by double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) by using pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Variable input factors are considered as the laser energy (or the relevant power), pulse duration and pulse repetition rate. Results indicated that the DWCNTs increased the PMMA’s surface electrical conductivity from 10-15 S/m to 0.813×103 S/m while the MWCNTs raised it to 0.14×103 S/m. Hence, the DWCNTs achieved an increase of almost 6 times than that for the MWCNTs. Moreover, the former increased the thermal conductivity of the surface by 8 times and the later by 5 times.

The Contemporary Business Environment is Surrounded by many quick and continues variable and changes which has an effect on the economic units. These variables and changes like the high competition which need many tools to help them to continue and achieve The critical success. So to achieve this they have many competitive strategies like cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategy.

Budget is regarded one of main tools to execute objectives polices and programs of the economic units, beside show how the economic units had execute the available economic resources.

Activity based on budgeting is regarded one of the modern technique in the m