Photoacoustic is a unique imaging method that combines the absorption contrast of light or radio frequency waves with ultrasound resolution. When the deposition of this energy is sufficiently short, a thermo-elastic expansion takes place whereby acoustic waves are generated. These waves can be recorded and stored to construct an image. This work presents experimental procedure of laser photoacoustic two dimensional imaging to detect tumor embedded within normal tissue. The experimental work is accomplished using phantoms that are sandwiched from fish heart or blood sac (simulating a tumor) 1-14mm mean diameter embedded within chicken breast to simulate a real tissue. Nd: YAG laser of 1.064μm and 532nm wavelengths, 10ns pulse duration, 445mJ pulse energy has been used to induce the acoustic wave signal in these targets. The acoustic signal is then filtered and analyzed to construct the target image. The analysis of experimental data and image construction has been accomplished using matlab software. The measurement analysis showed reasonable agreement between the estimated object dimension and the actual object size. The error in fish heart object dimension ranged from -14% to +9%, and the maximum error in Blood sac object dimension was -55%. The object dimensional error increased to -92% when the laser spot was magnified from 2mm to 45mm (to cover the phantom area) as the energy density decreases significantly.
(1)
(3)
(3)
(59)
(12)
This study tackles a fourth-order inverse problem involving a cantilever beam with nonlocal conditions to simultaneously calculate the beam’s displacement and an unknown time-dependent coefficient. A finite difference approach is suggested to discretize the hyperbolic fourth-order equation. A stability analysis for the proposed scheme is also provided. The indirect problem is the minimization of the misfit function. The goal of the minimization algorithm is to reduce the gap between the measured (noisy) data and the numerical computed solution provided by the model. To achieve stable results, Tikhonov’s regularization technique is employed, and two numerical test examples are shown to illustrate the suggested scheme's reliabilit
... Show More
The Contemporary Business Environment is Surrounded by many quick and continues variable and changes which has an effect on the economic units. These variables and changes like the high competition which need many tools to help them to continue and achieve The critical success. So to achieve this they have many competitive strategies like cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategy.
Budget is regarded one of main tools to execute objectives polices and programs of the economic units, beside show how the economic units had execute the available economic resources.
Activity based on budgeting is regarded one of the modern technique in the m
... Show More
Abstract
This Research aims for harnessing critical and innovative thinking approaches besides innovative problem solving tools in pursuing continual quality improvement initiatives for the benefit of achieving operations results effectively in water treatment plants in Baghdad Water Authority. Case study has been used in fulfilling this research in the sadr city water treatment plant, which was chosen as a study sample as it facilitates describing and analyzing its current operational situation, collecting and analyzing its own data, in order to get its own desired improvement opportunity be done. Many statistical means and visual thinking promoting methods has been used to fulfill research task.
... Show More
Discretionary Punishment, Public Regulation, Interest
This research tries to reveal how to manage and control the competitive edge for business by building managerial skills in various organizational levels. Our research aims at finding out the nature of various technical, human and in tellectual skills of a new president whose superiority is his competitive ness in the application field at general company for construe tioual industriesand testing the surveyed minor and major changes through a questionnaire to collect information from officials. The sample was composed of (45) director. The data was analyzed using some methods and statistical programs. The most prominent of these is (SPSS) that was used to extract the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient
... Show More
The research specified with study the relation between the market share for the sample research banks and the amount of the achieved revenues from the investment, where the dominated belief that there potentiality enhancing the revenue on investment with the increase of the banks shares in their markets after their success in achieving rates of successive growth in their sales of sales and to a suitable achieve market coverage for their products and they have dissemination and suitable promotion activity, the market share represented the competition for the banks, and the markets pay attention to the market share as a strategic objective and to maintain them also increasi
... Show More
The aim of the research is to know the effect of financial leverage on the market value of the stock by applying it to a sample of private Iraqi commercial banks listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for the period (2010-2019) and to show the extent of that effect, based on the bank’s annual reports for the mentioned period through the use of financial leverage ratios represented b (Equity multiplier, cash balance ratio), its discussion, analysis, description, inferential description, and testing of research hypotheses,
A set of conclusions has been reached, the most important of which are: The research sample banks depend in their financial structures on borrowed funds in a greater proportion than their r
... Show More