Drilling well design optimization reduces total Authorization for Expenditures (AFE) by decreasing well constructing time and expense. Well design is not a constant pattern during the life cycle of the field. It should be optimized by continuous improvements for all aspects of redesigning the well depending on the actual field conditions and problems. The core objective of this study is to deliver a general review of the well design optimization processes and the available studies and applications to employ the well design optimization to solve problems encountered with well design so that cost effectiveness and perfect drilling well performance are achievable. Well design optimization processes include unconventional design(slimhole) compared with fat design, in addition to optimizing casing setting depth selection and casing string loads. Finally, we demonstrate well trajectory design considerations and optimization. The optimization process that mentioned above is significantly reduce drilling cost and time since, slimhole design with smaller casing and hole size reduce mud volume cost, steel cost and pump fuel cost. Optimum casing seat selection can ovoid serious problem such as kick and losses that increase nonproductive time (NPT) if kick tolerance and downhole pressure profile is not considered. Anticipating optimum stress loads in casing design is most effective way to reduce casing strings cost avoiding additional cost for designing with useless worst conditions. Wellbore trajectory optimization with geomechnic consideration is major concern to reduce the problem encountered with high torque, drag, formation collapse that result stuck pipe and non-productive time (NPT).
Solar activity monitoring is important in our life because of its direct or indirect influence on our life, not only on ionospheric communications. To study solar activity, researchers need measuring and monitoring instruments, these instruments are mostly expensive and are not available in all universities. In this paper, a very low frequency radio receiver had been designed and implemented with components available in most markets to support the researchers, college students, and radio astronomy amateurs with a minimum input voltage less than 100µV, an output voltage less than 135 m V with no distortion and an overall gain of 34dB. A comparison had been done between two circuit structures using a workbench software program and experim
... Show MoreFibroepithelioma of Pinkus (FEP) is a slowly growing, low-grade malignant tumor with very low metastatic potential that is considered a distinct variant of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). It usually manifests as sessile or polypoidal lesions on the trunk of middle-aged patients. However, it may present in younger age groups, even in children. In this case, we present a rare case of FEP atypically presenting as a scaly plaque on the lower back for several years in an elderly female who was eventually diagnosed by excisional biopsy and histopathology.
Alizarin is one of the popularly used and wide separated compounds with a chemical name (1,2- dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone) which belong to the anthraquinones family that contain three aromatic conjugated rings and in the central rings it contains two ketonic groups.1
Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber (PANFS), a well-known polymers, has been extensively employed in the manufacturing of carbon nanofibers (CNFS), which have recently gained substantial attention due to their excellent features, such as spinnability, environmental friendliness, and commercial feasibility. Because of their high carbon yield and versatility in tailoring the final CNFS structure, In addition to the simple formation of ladder structures through nitrile polymerization to yield stable products, CNFS and PAN have been the focus of extensive research as potential production precursors. For instance, the development of biomedical and high-performance composites has now become achievable. PAN homopolymer or PAN-based precursor copolymer can
... Show Moreالخلفية: العقدية المقيحة المعروفة أيضًا باسم ""(GAS) هي احدى مسببات الأمراض ذات الأهمية الصحية العامة، حيث تصيب 18.1 مليون شخص في جميع أنحاء العالم وتقتل 500000 شخص كل عام. الهدف: حددت هذه المراجعة المقالات المنشورة حول عوامل الخطر واستراتيجيات الوقاية والسيطرة لأمراض المكورات العقدية. المواد والأساليب: تم إجراء بحث منهجي لتحديد الأوراق المنشورة على قواعد البيانات الإلكترونية Web of Science و PubMed و Scopus و Google Scholar في مح
... Show MoreAs they include both nucleophilic and electrophilic moieties on the same skeleton, enaminones are an important subclass of chemical compounds that contain conjugated NC=CC=O fragments. These active sites aid in the production of organic molecules containing linear or cyclic heteroatoms. Enaminones and the chemica1 compounds produced from them are both biologically active against the most dangerous bacteria. As a result, they have been utilized as starting materials for the synthesis of anti-inf1ammatory, antibacteria1, anticonvulsant, anticancer, anti-urease, anti-malaria1, optically luminescent, corrosion inhibition, and antitumor agents. Their synthesis has usually a terrific deal of interest and a plethora of synthetic paths have been na
... Show MoreAbstract: Plastic pollution is a major issue of the current century. This waste is found in seas, freshwater, lakes, rivers, coastal areas, and soil. In this article, this article discusses the various sources of plastic pollution, including the manufacturing process of plastics and the addition of materials to improve their properties, as well as the use of single-use plastics that are not recyclable, in addition to burning and illegal waste disposal in the open. The impact on public health is through human exposure to toxins from plastics in the environment directly through inhaling dust and fumes, consuming contaminated food and drink, and skin contact. Indirectly, when marine creatures consume microplastics, they will find their way
... Show MoreLightweight concrete-filled tube (CFST) columns offer numerous benefits, such as reduced weight, enhanced resistance to buckling, improved structural performance, and the ability to endure cyclic loading. This study considered key research on the structural behavior of CFST columns, covering various topics, including lightweight concrete, methods of concrete placement within steel tubes, and CFST columns with and without shear connectors. The literature review reveals that while several researchers have explored the use of shear connectors as a load-transfer mechanism in CFST columns, there is no consensus on the design methodology for connector resistance. Shear connectors signifi