PID (proportional-integral-derivative) and Mu controllers are widely used in electro-hydraulic servo systems due to their effectiveness and ease of implementation. This paper explores using particle swarm optimization (PSO) for tuning traditional and robust PID controllers, along with D-K iteration for Mu controller tuning. Three controller types: conventional PID (CPID), robust PID (RPID), and structured singular value controllers are developed, while analyzing multiplicative uncertainty with six uncertain coefficients. Their findings indicated that both PID (CPID and RPID) and Mu controllers maintained system stability. Notably, the Mu controller can handle coefficient uncertainty without a pure integral term, while the RPID controller demonstrated superior performance and reliability. Ultimately, both RPID and Mu controllers provide effective solutions for optimal performance, outperforming CPID in terms of robustness © 2025 IEEE.
This paper present the fast and robust approach of English text encryption and decryption based on Pascal matrix. The technique of encryption the Arabic or English text or both and show the result when apply this method on plain text (original message) and how will form the intelligible plain text to be unintelligible plain text in order to secure information from unauthorized access and from steel information, an encryption scheme usually uses a pseudo-random enecryption key generated by an algorithm. All this done by using Pascal matrix. Encryption and decryption are done by using MATLAB as programming language and notepad ++to write the input text.This paper present the fast and robust approach of English text encryption and decryption b
... Show MoreAbstract:
Robust statistics Known as, resistance to errors caused by deviation from the stability hypotheses of the statistical operations (Reasonable, Approximately Met, Asymptotically Unbiased, Reasonably Small Bias, Efficient ) in the data selected in a wide range of probability distributions whether they follow a normal distribution or a mixture of other distributions deviations different standard .
power spectrum function lead to, President role in the analysis of Stationary random processes, form stable random variables organized according to time, may be discrete random variables or continuous. It can be described by measuring its total capacity as function in frequency.
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... Show MoreAerial Robot Arms (ARAs) enable aerial drones to interact and influence objects in various environments. Traditional ARA controllers need the availability of a high-precision model to avoid high control chattering. Furthermore, in practical applications of aerial object manipulation, the payloads that ARAs can handle vary, depending on the nature of the task. The high uncertainties due to modeling errors and an unknown payload are inversely proportional to the stability of ARAs. To address the issue of stability, a new adaptive robust controller, based on the Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network, is proposed. A three-tier approach is also followed. Firstly, a detailed new model for the ARA is derived using the Lagrange–d’A
... Show MoreA particle swarm optimization algorithm and neural network like self-tuning PID controller for CSTR system is presented. The scheme of the discrete-time PID control structure is based on neural network and tuned the parameters of the PID controller by using a particle swarm optimization PSO technique as a simple and fast training algorithm. The proposed method has advantage that it is not necessary to use a combined structure of identification and decision because it used PSO. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive PID neural control algorithm in terms of minimum tracking error and smoothness control signal obtained for non-linear dynamical CSTR system.
Background: The grading systems of salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma depend on different histologic and morphologic features. The aim of this study was to compare between Auclair and Brandwein systems according to their histologic criteria, and the type of cell predominant. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one case included hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stained tissue slides that were diagnosed as MEC, originally categorized into low and high grade type regardless of the grading system, have meticulously undergone histopathologic review. The sample was graded according to criteria owing to Auclair and Brandwein methods. The predominant type of cells was determined by microscopic examination according to grade of tumor. Results: Regarding the
... Show MoreA simulated ion/electron optical transport and focusing system has been put forward to
be mounted on high voltage transmission electron microscope for in situ investigations.
The suggested system consists of three axially symmetric electrostatic lenses namely an
einzel lens, an accelerating immersion lens, and a decelerating immersion lens, in addition
to an electrostatic quadrupole doublet lens placed on the image side. The electrodes
profile of these lenses is determined from the proposed axial field distributions. The
optical properties of the whole system have been computed together with the trajectory of
the accelerated charged-particles beam along the optical axis of the system. The computed
dimensions of th