Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides unconditional security in theory. However, practical QKD systems face challenges in maximizing the secure key rate and extending transmission distances. In this paper, we introduce a comparative study of the BB84 protocol using coincidence detection with two different quantum channels: a free space and underwater quantum channels. A simulated seawater was used as an example for underwater quantum channel. Different single photon detection modules were used on Bob’s side to capture the coincidence counts. Results showed that increasing the mean photon number generally leads to a higher rate of coincidence detection and therefore higher possibility of increasing the secure key rate. The secure key rate can reach 0.0239 (bits/pulse) with a quantum bit error rate (QBER) of 3.2% for the free space channel and 1.5% for the simulated sea-water channel. The security parameters for each value of the mean photon number closely align with the corresponding theoretical predictions. However, some discrepancies were observed, primarily due to a mismatch in photon detection efficiency for SPDMs and system fluctuations. The theoretical calculations also predict that using coincidence detection, the key can be distributed over distances of up to 195 km.
Each phenomenon contains several variables. Studying these variables, we find mathematical formula to get the joint distribution and the copula that are a useful and good tool to find the amount of correlation, where the survival function was used to measure the relationship of age with the level of cretonne in the remaining blood of the person. The Spss program was also used to extract the influencing variables from a group of variables using factor analysis and then using the Clayton copula function that is used to find the shared binary distributions using multivariate distributions, where the bivariate distribution was calculated, and then the survival function value was calculated for a sample size (50) drawn from Yarmouk Ho
... Show MoreThe shortage of irrigation water requires specific measures. One of these measures is the application of the rationing system (a period of irrigation followed by a period of drought). This system could have an effect on the behavior and properties of irrigation canals. So, studying rationing system on the irrigation canals is important both in civil engineering and water resources engineering, especially if these channels constructed with gypsum soil. This study includes the calculation of seepage velocity and water content in each cycle (10 days wetting and 10 days of drying). The model is built for this research contains four samples, two samples for untreated soil one of them expos
Pharmaceutical-instigated pollution is a major concern, especially in relation to aquatic environments and drugs such as meropenem antibiotics. Adsorbents, such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes, offer potential as means of removing polluting meropenem antibiotics and other similar compounds from water. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in this capacity, various experimental parameters, including contact time, initial concentration, pH, temperature and the dose of adsorbent have been investigated. The Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherm models have been used. The data obtained using a modified Langmuir model have been consistent with the experimental ones; the best pH value has been obtained to have the
... Show MoreSource of energy and protein Field crops considered an important needed for human
beings Due of this fact increases should appear in the quantities of their production in order to
meet the needs of continuous increasing in the population of the glope year after year ;
otherwise, an increase in the gap between the amount of production and consumption will
occur .
This study aims to reveal the geographical distribution of the potato crop in the district
of Abu – Ghraib. For this purpose, a study conducted about the cultivated areas, production
and crop yields per Dunam for period of 7 years lasted from 2005-2011.
The study shows that potato is one of the most important field crops that are grown in
the Abu –
This study focuses on the basics of cultivation and production of the Wheat Crop in
Wasit Province ; in order to reveal the reality of the geographical distribution of its cultivation
and production.
Wheat is the most important field crops cultivated in Wasit province, as it has vast
possibilities for expansion in growing and production, in which agriculture conducted in a
year and left in other , then changing this method would increase cultivated area of it to nearly
doubled, as well as the possibility of increasing average yields in Donam by using improved
seeds, fertilizer, with the availability of water lever machines, especially wheat is grown in
areas of rivers abutment.
The study showed the spread of th
In this paper, we derived an estimators and parameters of Reliability and Hazard function of new mix distribution ( Rayleigh- Logarithmic) with two parameters and increasing failure rate using Bayes Method with Square Error Loss function and Jeffery and conditional probability random variable of observation. The main objective of this study is to find the efficiency of the derived of Bayesian estimator compared to the to the Maximum Likelihood of this function using Simulation technique by Monte Carlo method under different Rayleigh- Logarithmic parameter and sample sizes. The consequences have shown that Bayes estimator has been more efficient than the maximum likelihood estimator in all sample sizes with application
In the lifetime process in some systems, most data cannot belong to one single population. In fact, it can represent several subpopulations. In such a case, the known distribution cannot be used to model data. Instead, a mixture of distribution is used to modulate the data and classify them into several subgroups. The mixture of Rayleigh distribution is best to be used with the lifetime process. This paper aims to infer model parameters by the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm through the maximum likelihood function. The technique is applied to simulated data by following several scenarios. The accuracy of estimation has been examined by the average mean square error (AMSE) and the average classification success rate (ACSR). T
... Show MoreIn this work, a method for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of zinc which was precipitated into deionized water that is in a commercial distribution systems PVC pipe, is proposed using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. The method based on the reaction between the analytes Zn2+ and 2-carboxy-2-hyroxy-5-sulfoformazylbenze (Zincon) at an absorption maximum of 620nm at pH 9-10. This ligand is selective reagent. Since the complex is colored (blue), its stoichiometry can be established using visible spectrometry to measure the absorbance of solutions of known composition. The stoichiometry of the complex was determined by Job’s method and molar ratio method and found to be 1:2 (M: L). A series of synthetic solution containing different
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