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Microplastics toxicity: Classification, sources, exposure routes, and experiments
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Microplastics (MPs), including polymers such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS), are widespread environmental contaminants detected in air, water, soil, and food. These particles originate from the breakdown of larger plastics and from direct industrial and consumer sources, including packaging, textiles, and personal care products. MPs enter the human body primarily through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, with food, water, and air serving as major exposure pathways. Once internalized, MPs have been found in various human tissues and biological fluids, indicating their capacity for bioaccumulation. Toxicological studies in experimental models and occupational settings link MP exposure to oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular dysfunction, and potential organ toxicity, including effects on the gastrointestinal, respiratory, immune, reproductive, and nervous systems. PVC microplastics, in particular, are associated with liver toxicity and increased cancer risk in occupationally exposed populations. MPs can also act as vectors for environmental pollutants and plastic-associated chemicals, further amplifying health risks. This review summarizes the classification, major sources, exposure routes, and toxicological activity of MPs. A comprehensive understanding of MP properties is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate their persistent harmful effects on public health and the environment. Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 18 2020
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Solutions and Recent Challenges Related to Energy in Wireless Body Area Networks with Integrated Technologies: Applications and Perspectives
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          In this paper, we have investigated some of the most recent energy efficient routing protocols for wireless body area networks. This technology has seen advancements in recent times where wireless sensors are injected in the human body to sense and measure body parameters like temperature, heartbeat and glucose level. These tiny wireless sensors gather body data information and send it over a wireless network to the base station. The data measurements are examined by the doctor or   physician and the suitable cure is suggested. The whole communication is done through routing protocols in a network environment. Routing protocol consumes energy while helping non-stop communic

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 01 2013
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis and Characterization of [2-(carboxy methylene-amino)-phenyl imino] acetic acid (L) and its some metal complexes
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New Schiff base, namely [2-(carboxy methylene-amino)-phenyl imino] acetic acid (L) and its some metal complexes [LCo.2H2O], [LNi.2H2O], [LCu].3H2O, [LCd.2H2O], [LHg.2H2O] and [LPb.2H2O], were reported and characterized by elemental analysis, metal content, spectroscopic methods, magnetic moments and conductivity measurements, it is found that the geometrical structures of these complexes are octahedral [Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II) and square planar Cu(II).The complexes have been found to posses 1:1 (M:L) stoichiometry

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 15 2016
Journal Name
International Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND PRELIMINARY ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION OF NEW SCHIFF BASES OF AMPICILLIN AND AMOXICILLIN DERIVED FROM ISATIN DERIVATIVES
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Objectives: Six different Schiff bases were synthesized from ampicillin and amoxicillin with isatin, 5-bromoisatin, and 5-nitroisatin. Methods: Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are linked directly through their α-amino groups to the acyl side chain with isatin and isatin derivatives by nucleophilic addition using glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. Results: chemical structures of these Schiff bases were confirmed using FTIR, 1H NMR and elemental microanalysis. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by measuring minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and showed various degrees of antibacterial activities when compared with parent drugs. Compounds 1a and 2b, which are the Schiff bases of ampicillin and amoxicillin with isatin, showed very

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Publication Date
Mon Aug 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Analysis of the Causal Relationship between the Financial Infrastructure and Foreign Investments in Malaysia and Indonesia 1990-2013
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Abstract\

The developed financial infrastructure is one of the most important elements for achieving stable financial system in a country. The importance of developed financial infrastructure comes from its role in create economic and financial context attractive for foreign investments. Thus, this paper aims first to measure an index of financial infrastructure, and secondly, to gauge the nexus between the developed financial infrastructure and foreign investments inflow in Malaysia and Indonesia. We estimate the index of financial infrastructure by using different indicators such as (the institutional environment, access to finance, legal environment, and others).

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Publication Date
Sat May 01 2021
Journal Name
European Journal Of General Dentistry
Assessment of Serum Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-6 Levels in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Coronary Heart Disease
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Abstract<p> Objective The aim of this study was to assess whether serum cytokine levels correlate with clinical periodontal parameters in health or disease.</p><p> Materials and Methods Male subjects (40–60 years) with CP (n = 30), CP + CHD (n = 30), and healthy controls (n = 20) had plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) evaluated. Serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p><p> Results PLI, GI, PPD, and CAL were significantly higher in patients with CP + CHD compared to those with CP. Serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were also si</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Thu Jun 01 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Population Therapeutics And Clinical Pharmacology
Synthesis, Characterization, Biological and Antioxidant estimation of Mixed Schiff Base Ligand and Heterocyclic Compound with Some Metal ions
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In this research, a group of complexes were prepared which were derived from Schiff base ligands, which is called (1E,1'E)-1,1'-(1,2-phenylene)bis(N-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) methanimine) (L) with ortho-phenanthroline (o-phen).The prepared complexes areM(II) [Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II),and Hg(II)].A range of spectroscopic and technical techniques have been used to characterizethese materials, including:The FTIR, 1H-NMR, LC-Mass Spectrum, UV-Visbale, molar conductance, and magnaticmoment, atomic absorbtion, chlorid contents. Spectral results obtainedare showen that (ortho-phen) and (L) behave as neutral coordinating to the central metal ion by the donatingatoms(N2)of the both compounds. The geometry sha

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Publication Date
Mon Dec 30 2019
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
A Comparative Study of Pressure Losses and Hole Cleaning Efficiency of Water and Polymer solutions in Horizontal Wells
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The main objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the effect of the CMC polymeric drag reducer on the pressure drop occurred along the annulus of the wellbore in drilling operation and investigate the optimum polymer concentration that give the minimum pressure drop. A flow loop was designed for this purpose consist from 14 m long with transparent test section and differential pressure transmitter that allows to sense and measure the pressure losses along the test section. The results from the experimental work show that increasing in polymer concentration help to reduce the pressure drop in annulus and the optimum polymer concentration with the maximum drag reducing is 0.8 kg/m3. Also increasing in flow rate a

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Publication Date
Mon Nov 01 2021
Journal Name
Iop Conference Series: Earth And Environmental Science
Field Emergence Affected by Zea Mays L. Cultivars and Seed Soaking in Acids of Ascorbic, Citric and Humic
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A field experiment was carried out during the spring season 2019 and 2020 to obtain a fast, uniform, and high field emergence ratio of maize seeds under a wide range of environmental conditions. Randomize complete block design in the split-plot arrangement was used with three replications. The first factor in the main plots was cultivars (5018, Baghdad3 and Sumer). The second factor in the sub-plots was seeds soaking with ascorbic and citric acids (100 mg L−1) each and humic (1 ml L−1) in addition to control treatment (seeds soaking with distilled water only). Results showed the superiority of soaking with humic acid significantly, as means of characteristics of field emergence in both seasons, respectively, were as follows: Last day of

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 30 2020
Journal Name
Research On Crops
Studies on growth and yield indicators for kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea) plant treated with mineral fertilizers and root enhancers
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Publication Date
Fri Jun 30 2017
Journal Name
International Journal Of Medical Research & Health Sciences
FLI1 Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Primary Breast Carcinomas is Correlated with ER, PR and HER2
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FLI1 is a member of ETS family of transcription factors that regulate a variety of normal biologic activities including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The expression of FLI1 and its correlation with well-known breast cancer prognostic markers (ER, PR and HER2) was determined in primary breast tumors as well as four breast cancer lines including: MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 using RT-qPCR with either 18S rRNA or ACTB (β-actin) for normalization of data. FLI1 mRNA level was decreased in the breast cancer cell lines under study compared to the normal breast tissue; however, Jurkat cells, which were used as a positive control, showed overexpression compared to the normal breast. Regarding primary breast carcinoma

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