An edge dominating set of a graph is said to be an odd (even) sum degree edge dominating set (osded (esded) - set) of G if the sum of the degree of all edges in X is an odd (even) number. The odd (even) sum degree edge domination number is the minimum cardinality taken over all odd (even) sum degree edge dominating sets of G and is defined as zero if no such odd (even) sum degree edge dominating set exists in G. In this paper, the odd (even) sum degree domination concept is extended on the co-dominating set E-T of a graph G, where T is an edge dominating set of G. The corresponding parameters co-odd (even) sum degree edge dominating set, co-odd (even) sum degree edge domination number and co-odd (even) sum degree edge domination value is defined. Further, the exact values of the above said parameters are found for some standard classes of graphs. The bounds of the co-odd (even) sum degree edge domination number are obtained in terms of basic graph terminologies. The co-odd (even) sum degree edge dominating sets are characterized. The relationships with other edge domination parameters are also studied.
احتلت قضية غسيل الاموال أهمية كبيرة على الساحة الاقتصادية العالمية خلال الفترة الاخيرة إدراكا من المجتمع الدولي لأثارها السلبية على الاستقرار الاقتصادي و خاصة على الاستثمار المحلي و الدولي و لذلك يتزايد الاهتمام بها و سبل مواجهتها من قبل العديد من الدول و المنظمات الدولية و المراكز المالية الكبرى , حيث تهدد هذه الظاهرة الاقتصاد العالمي و خاصة اقتصاديات العالم النامي و من بينها الاقتصاديات العربية .
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LA TRANSGRESSION CHEZ RIMBAUD Lecture de I' aspect de Transgression dans Marine
The purpose of this research is to identify the E-signing and its concept.
Due to the increasing role and importance of the E-trade in may countries, as it provide many advantages over the traditional trade. We have to deal with may E-trade aspects and tools in which the E-signing is the most important. In this research we will deal: first with the article approach- E-signing definition, Digital signing, its mechanism, requirements, types and features. Second: the practical approach: It has been implemented according to a questionnaire contain many questions some of them are comma, other an specialized in research hypothesis and some concern the obstacles faced the application of E-signing. The questionnaires been distillated to
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