Let be a non-trivial simple graph. A dominating set in a graph is a set of vertices such that every vertex not in the set is adjacent to at least one vertex in the set. A subset is a minimum neighborhood dominating set if is a dominating set and if for every holds. The minimum cardinality of the minimum neighborhood dominating set of a graph is called as minimum neighborhood dominating number and it is denoted by . A minimum neighborhood dominating set is a dominating set where the intersection of the neighborhoods of all vertices in the set is as small as possible, (i.e., ). The minimum neighborhood dominating number, denoted by , is the minimum cardinality of a minimum neighborhood dominating set. In other words, it is the smallest number of vertices needed to form a minimum neighborhood-dominating set. The concept of minimum neighborhood dominating set is related to the study of the structure and properties of graphs and is used in various fields such as computer science, operations research, and network design. A minimum neighborhood dominating set is also useful in the study of graph theory and has applications in areas such as network design and control theory. This concept is a variation of the traditional dominating set problem and adds an extra constraint on the intersection of the neighborhoods of the vertices in the set. It is also an NP-hard problem. The main aim of this paper is to study the minimum neighborhood domination number of the split graph of some of the graphs.
على الرغم من تحقق ثورة هائلة وطفرة نوعية في مجال تكنلوجيا الاتصالات في دول العالم الا ان بلدنا كان محروما من التمتع بهذه التقنيات الحديثة في ظل النظام السابق, وبعد سقوط النظام ووجود بحبوحة من الحرية، دخلت الكثير من هذه التقنيات الى العراق ومنها الموبايل والانترنيت وغيرها من وسائل الاتصال المتطورة.
ويقول (Smith & Fletcher, 2001) في كتابهما Inside Information
... Show MoreThis study can be considered as un introduction to the idioms and the strategy about the productive partnership development connection, that helps the researcher and the organization in their work in to activate development and the natural sources,manegment,to improve the two sides active connected to the local society, and to use it as easier and smoother participation of the people who work in development field and the natural sources management research, That connection depends mostly upon the capability of researcher and the development worker to increase the ability of individual and local society to specify and analyzing their problems and to try solutions to make their life better with good income.
In this paper, the Azzallini’s method used to find a weighted distribution derived from the standard Pareto distribution of type I (SPDTI) by inserting the shape parameter (θ) resulting from the above method to cover the period (0, 1] which was neglected by the standard distribution. Thus, the proposed distribution is a modification to the Pareto distribution of the first type, where the probability of the random variable lies within the period The properties of the modified weighted Pareto distribution of the type I (MWPDTI) as the probability density function ,cumulative distribution function, Reliability function , Moment and the hazard function are found. The behaviour of probability density function for MWPDTI distrib
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הריאליזם הספרותי במשמעו הכללי מצייג אשר כל מה מציינת בה הספרות מציורים מדוייקים לסביבה ולכן אדם. ויש להתחשב בפרטים המשותפים לחיים היומיומית.
האסכולה הריאליזטית מצטיינת בזיאנרים אין זוכים בם איזו אסכולה ספרותית אחרת. האסכולה הזאת הופיעה בספרות העברית החדשה כתוצאה להשפעתה של הספרות העברית בס
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... Show MoreAfter word war ll, the United States of America pursued a policy of containment aimed at preventing the Soviet Union from penetrating into the countries of the world, especially the regions of the Middle East, Therefore, it worked to emphasize the establishment of relations that include various political, economic and even cultural aspects, and focused its policy in his aspect on Turkey due to its geopolitical position. At a time when Turkey was undergoing developments at various levels and a change in govemment policy after the Demccratic Party came to power, which focused in its foreign policy on strengthening reltions with the West in general and the United States America in particular. The US government was the supporter of Democrat
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Water scarcity is one of the most important problems facing humanity in various fields such as economics, industry, agriculture, and tourism. This may push people to use low-quality water like industrial-wastewater. The application of some chemical compounds to get rid of heavy metals such as cadmium is an environmentally harmful approach. It is well-known that heavy metals as cadmium may induce harmful problems when present in water and invade to soil, plants and food chain of a human being. In this case, man will be forced to use the low quality water in irrigation. Application of natural materials instead of chemicals to remove cadmium from polluted water is an environmental friendly approach. Attention was drawn in this research wor
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