Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a chronic and progressive condition, which affects people all around the world. The risk of complications increases with age if the disease is not managed properly. Diabetic neuropathy is caused by excessive blood glucose and lipid levels, resulting in nerve damage. Apelin is a peptide hormone that is found in different human organs, including the central nervous system and adipose tissue. The aim of this study is to estimate Apelin levels in diabetes type 2 and Diabetic peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) Iraqi patients and show the extent of peripheral nerve damage. The current study included 120 participants: 40 patients with Diabetes Mellitus, 40 patients with Diabetic peripheral Neuropathy, and 40 healthy persons as control, the age range of 34-66 years, matched in age and sex. For all groups, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile (Cholesterol, Triglyceride, High-density lipoprotein, Low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein), HbA1c, serum total Apelin levels, BMI, and Waist to Hip Ratio were calculated. The results showed highly increase in Apelin levels in neuropathy patients 670.4 ± 41.67 pg/ml compared to diabetes patients 247.6 ± 20.37 pg/ml nd healthy people 208.02 ± 8.30 pg/ml with a P value=0.001. Body Mass Index showed increase in diabetic and neuropathy patients compared with control group 31.05 ± 1.01 kg/m2, 31.05 ± 0.73 kg/m2, versus 23.92 ± 0.16 kg/m2, respectively, with a P value=0.001. The result showed a significant increase in lipid profile with p≤0.05, except HDL which showed a significant decrease p≤0.05. The present study concluded that incremented Apelin levels have an important role in Neuropathy pathogenesis and could determine the extent of peripheral nerve damage by the high levels in the blood due to their presence in the central nervous system. Also, increasing BMI, excessive lipid, and duration of disease showed a progressive role in DM and neuropathy and cause damage to the nerves, and play roles in the development of complications.
Abstract
The Classical Normal Linear Regression Model Based on Several hypotheses, one of them is Heteroscedasticity as it is known that the wing of least squares method (OLS), under the existence of these two problems make the estimators, lose their desirable properties, in addition the statistical inference becomes unaccepted table. According that we put tow alternative, the first one is (Generalized Least Square) Which is denoted by (GLS), and the second alternative is to (Robust covariance matrix estimation) the estimated parameters method(OLS), and that the way (GLS) method neat and certified, if the capabilities (Efficient) and the statistical inference Thread on the basis of an acceptable
... Show MoreForty one isolates of genus Proteus were collected from 140 clinical specimens such as urine, stool, wound, burn, and ear swabs from patients of both sex. These isolates were identified to three Proteus spp. P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris and P. penneri .The ability of these bacteria to produce L-asparaginase II by using semi quantitative and quantitative methods was determined. P. vulgaris Pv.U.92 was distinguished for high level of L-asparaginase II production with specific activity 1.97 U/mg. Optimum conditions for enzyme production were determined; D medium with 0.3% of L-asparagine at pH 7.5 with temperature degree 35°C for incubation. Ultrasonication was used to destroy the P. vulgaris Pv.U.92 cells then ASNase II was extracted and pu
... Show MoreThe world witnessed variables influenced on entirely education essential mean to grantee the required adaption of inner and external motivations circumstances this gives us opportunity of the best selection means to achieve the goals for progress individual and community .
From here appeared the needs of scientific study interest in new styles of education locate the old place that become non able to granting students and their tendency n
... Show MoreA dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combines with UV-V is spectrophotometry for the preconcentration and determination of Mefenamic acid in pharmaceutical preparation was developed and introduced. The proposed method is based on the formation of charge transfer complexation between mefenamic acid and chloranil as an n-electron donor and a p-acceptor, respectively to form a violet chromogen complex measured at 542 nm. The important parameters affecting the efficiency of DLLME were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graphs of standard and drug, were ranged 0.03-10 µg mL-1. The limits of detection, quantification and Sandell's sensitivity were calculated. Good recoveries of MAF Std. and drug at 0.05,
... Show MoreThe present research is concerned with studying the appearance and essence of meaning in contemporary sculpture by addressing the problematic how to flow of meaning its multiplicity and the flow of its surplus, resulting from the transformations of the artistic form and the variety of its methods which results to a new and different strategies in circulation and aesthetic reception to achieve this task, we have relied on models of modern Iraq sculpture, which fit in its form and raw materials with the concept of phenomenon studied. Therefore, the research topic were divided into four axes:- the first axe included an introduction about the subject. The introduction included the problems of research and its importance, aim repr
... Show MoreWere collected three types of medicinal plants from their natural habitat after Astkhalasalziot volatile manner steam distillation and determine the quality and quantity of vehicles chemical for each of the oils obtained using a technique JC discouraged when you merge oily thyme and lemon grass against bacteria either when using oils in three did not have a different effect
Background: Accurate measurement of a patient’s height and weight is an essential part of diagnosis and therapy, but there is some controversy as to how to calculate the height and weight of patients with disabilities. Objective: This study aims to use anthropometric measurements (arm span, length of leg, chest circumference, and waist circumference) to find a model (alternatives) that can allow the calculation of the height and the body weight of patients with disabilities. Additionally, a model for the prediction of weight and height measurements of patients with disabilities was established. Method: Four hander patients aged 20-80 years were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups, 210 (52.5%) male and 190 (47.5%) fe
... Show MoreBackground: Restoration of the gingival margin of Class II cavities with composite resin continues to be problematic, especially where no enamel exists for bonding to the gingival margin. The aim of study is to evaluate the marginal leakage at enamel and cementum margin of class II MOD cavities using amalgam restoration and modern composite restorations Filtek™ P90, Filtek™ Z250 XT (Nano Hybrid Universal Restorative) and SDR bulk fill with different restoratives techniques. Materials and method: Eighty sound maxillary first premolar teeth were collected and divided into two main groups, enamel group and cementum group (40 teeth) for each group. The enamel group was prepared with standardized Class II MOD cavity with gingival margin (1 m
... Show MoreBackground: This study aimed to determine the cephalometric values of tetragon analysis on a sample of Iraqi adults with normal occlusion. Material and methods: Forty digital true lateral cephalometric radiographs belong to 20 males and 20 females having normal dental relation were analyzed using AutoCAD program 2009. Descriptive statistics and sample comparison with Fastlicht norms were obtained. Results: The results showed that maxillary and mandibular incisors were more proclined and the maxillary/mandibular planes angle was lower in Iraqi sample than Caucasian sample. Conclusion: It's recommended to use result from this study when using tetragon analysis for Iraqis to get more accurate result.