Samples of gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W20) that had been exposed to various oxidation times were inspected with a UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to select the best wavelengths and wavelength ranges for distinguishing oxidation times. Engine oil samples were subjected to different thermal oxidation periods of 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours, resulting in a range of total base number (TBN) levels. Each wavelength (190.5 – 849.5 nm) and selected wavelength ranges were evaluated to determine the wavelength or wavelength ranges that could best distinguish among all oxidation times. The best wavelengths and wavelength ranges were analyzed with linear regression to determine the best wavelength or range to predict oxidation t

Piracy on phonograms is now, rightly, the crime of the electronic age. Despite the protection sought by States to provide for such registrations, whether at the level of national legislation or international agreements and conventions, but piracy has been and continues to pose a significant threat to the rights of the producers of those recordings, especially as it is a profitable way for hackers to get a lot of money in a way Illegal, which is contrary to the rules of legitimate competition. Hence, this research highlights the legal protection of producers of phonograms in light of the Iraqi Copyright Protection Act No. (3) of 1971, as amended.

As harmony with modernized environmental developments which were appeared within economical , banking areas with what accompanied of chances or challenges , the matter is required to face those modernizations , adaptation with them , as considering them strength points not weak points , and these developments banking marketing as it should be on the Iraqi public banks and private and hybrid to take advantage of this process to increase excellence and the expansion of the banking business opportunities, , enlarge in the banking businesses especially the banking transaction are distinguished by serious competition & strong between banks , and the final result is to serve Iraqi banking system & customers that the national economy ta

Decision making is vital and important activity in field operations research ,engineering ,administration science and economic science with any industrial or service company or organization because the core of management process as well as improve him performance . The research includes decision making process when the objective function is fraction function and solve models fraction programming by using some fraction programming methods and using goal programming method aid programming ( win QSB )and the results explain the effect use the goal programming method in decision making process when the objective function is
fraction .

L1 adaptive controller has proven to provide fast adaptation with guaranteed transients in a large variety of systems. It is commonly used for controlling systems with uncertain time-varying unknown parameters. The effectiveness of  L1 adaptive controller for position control of single axis has been examined and compared with Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC). The Linear servo motor is one of the main constituting elements of the x-y table which is mostly used in automation application. It is characterized by time-varying friction and disturbance.

    The tracking and steady state performances of both controllers have been assessed fo