The main objective of this study is to describe the preparation of topographic maps using the Surfer software. A total of 159 regularly distributed Ground Control Points (GCPs) were collected with the use of the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). Seven methods (Contour Map, Post Map, 3D Surface Map, 3D Wireframe Maps, Grid Vector-1 Map, Color Relief Map, and Shaded Relief Maps) at the Surfer environment were used to prepare the topographic maps at the Mukhtar Village near the Al-Fallujah City. Contour lines with other features were superimposed on the DEM layer, which refers to the topography of the terrain inside this study area. The accuracy of the database's results was estimated, essential maps were given, and the re

One of the most important techniques for preparing nanoparticle material is Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid technique (PLAL). Carbon nanoparticles were prepared using PLAL, and the carbon target was immersed in Ultrapure water (UPW) then irradiated with Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) and six ns pulse duration. In this process, an Nd:YAG laser beam was focused near the carbon surface. Nanoparticles synthesized using laser irradiation were studied by observing the effects of varying incident laser pulse intensities (250, 500, 750, 1000) mJ on the particle size (20.52, 36.97, 48.72, and 61.53) nm, respectively. In addition, nanoparticles were characterized by means of the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) test, pH easurement

Discrete Raman amplifier have many attractive aspects over rare-earth doped fiber amplifier such as (EDFA) including arbitrary gain band, better adjustability of gain shape, and better linearity. This paper shows that discrete Raman amplifier has higher gain in bidirectional pumping than counter pumping. The gain increases with increasing fiber length, and the noise figure remain at the same value for short fiber length.

In this paper different channel coding and interleaving schemes in DS/CDMA system over multipath fading channel were used. Two types of serially concatenated coding were presented. The first one composed of Reed-Solomon as outer code, convolutional code as inner code and the interleaver between the outer and inner codes and the second consist of convolutional code as outer code, interleaved in the middle and differential code as an inner code. Bit error rate performance of different schemes in multipath fading channel was analyzed and compared. Rack receiver was used in DS/CDMA receiver to combine multipath components in order to enhance the signal to noise ratio at the receiver.

The child realize that the meals time provide golden opportunities to get the attention the child needs. However, many difficulties that may appear about eating food can be avoided, if the family used the right way in dealing with this problem. The study aims, in this case, at searching for the reasons that lies behind the child's obstinacy in eating his food and the attempt to study some variables that is related to the research topic.

The results are summed up as follows:

• The number of the sample children is 3 of both sexes between the ages of 3 to 6 years