Chemical bath deposition was used to synthesize ZnO nanorods (NRs) on glass and fluorine^_doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. X-ray diffraction was performed to examine the crystallinity of ZnO nanorod. Results showed that ZnO NRs had a wurtzite crystal structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images showed that glass sample had rod-like structure distribution with (50 nm) diameter and average length of approximately (700 nm), whereas the FTO-coated glass sample had 25 nm diameter and average length of approximately 950 nm. The direct optical transition band gaps of the glass and FTO^_coated glass samples were( 4 and 4.43 eV), respectively. The structural and optical properties of the synthesized ZnO p

Laser beam has been widely used to improve the mechanical properties of the metals. It used for cutting, drilling, hardening, welding……etc. The use of Laser beam has many features in accuracy and speeding in work, also in the treatment of metals locally, and in the places that is hard to reach by traditional ways. In this research a surface treatment was done to medium carbon steel (0.4%C) which is common kind of steel that is used in industry. Pulsing Neodymium -YAG Laser has been used and 1.06 micrometer wave length and 5 msec and the distance is about 30 centimeter between the exit area of the Laser beam from the system and the piece that treated . We are going to check the fatigue resistance for samples that is

A theoretical study has been proposed to investigate the effects of different laser radiations (Nd - glass, DF and C02) as a heating source on different glass samples (Optical glass, Bk - 7 and Soda - lime glass) and different waves lengths (10.6, 3.8, 1.6) ???. The heat changes as which are resulted due irradiation with laser sources have been determined by using the one dimension mathematical relation as a function of time (t) and depth (z). The results of the study show ed that the irradiation with C02 laser had a greater effect than DF laser, while the effects of Nd - glass laser were minimal with a power density of (1.8*10?? w/m2) within atime(l^sec).(Forboth Kinds) The change in the temperatures were not exceeded than (70"K) in all sa

Samarium ions (Sm +3), a rare-earth element, have a significant optical emission within the visible spectrum. PMMA samples, mixed with different ratios of SmCl3.6H2O, were prepared via the casting method. The composite was tested using UV-visible, photoluminescence and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR spectrometry of PMMA samples showed some changes, including variation in band intensity, location, and width. Mixed with samarium decreases the intensity of the CO and CH2 stretching bands and band position. A new band appeared corresponding to ionic bonds between samarium cations with negative branches in the polymer. These variations indicate complex links between the Sm +3 ion and oxygen in the ether group. The optical absorption

GaN thin films were deposited by thermal evaporation onto
glass substrates at substrate temperature of 403 K and a thickness of
385 nm . GaN films have amorphous structure as shown in X-ray
diffraction pattern . From absorbance data within the range ( 200-
900 ) nm direct optical energy gap was calculated . Also the others
optical parameters like transmittance T, reflectance R , refractive
index n , extinction coefficient k , real dielectric constant 1 Î , and
imaginary dielectric constant 2 Î were determined . GaN films
have good absorbance and minimum transmittance in the region of
the visible light .

This research presents a study in ultra-desulfurization of diesel fuel produced from conventional hydro desulfurization process, using oxidation and solvent extraction techniques. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) was the organosulfur compound that had been detected in sulfur removal. The oxidation process used hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and acetic acid as homogeneous catalyst . The solvent extraction process used acetonitrile (ACN) and N-methyl – 2 - pyrrolidone (NMP) as  extractants . Also the effect of five parameters (stirring speed :150 , 250 , 350 , and 450) rpm, temperature (30 , 40 , 45 , and 50) ^oC, oxidant/simulated diesel fuel ratio (0.5 , 0.75 , 1 , and 1.5) , catalyst/oxidant ratio(0.125,0.25,0.5

The oxidation desulphurization assisted by ultrasound waves was applied to the desulphurization of heavy naphtha. Hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid were used as oxidants, ultrasound waves as phase dispersion, and activated carbon as solid adsorbent. When the oxidation desulphurization (ODS) process was followed by a solid adsorption step, the performance of overall Sulphur removal was 89% for heavy naphtha at the normal condition of pressure and temperature. The process of (ODS) converts the compounds of Sulphur to sulfoxides/ sulfones, and these oxidizing compounds can be removed by activated carbon to produce fuel with low Sulphur content. The absence of any components (hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, ultrasound waves and activated car