The current study performed in order to detect and quantify epicatechin in two tea samples of Camellia sinensis (black and green tea) by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extraction of epicatechin from black and green tea was done by using two different methods: maceration (cold extraction method) and decoction (hot extraction method) involved using three different solvents which are absolute ethanol, 50% aqueous ethanol and water for both extraction methods using room temperature and direct heat respectively. Crude extracts of two tea samples that obtained from two methods were fractionated by using two solvents with different polarity (chloroform and ethyl acetate). Qualitative and quantitative determinations of epicatechin in tea samples were investigated. Epicatechin identification was made by utilizing preliminary chemical tests and TLC. This identification was also boosted by HPLC and the quantity of epicatechin was determined in all ethyl acetate fractions of two tea samples. This research revealed the existence of epicatechin in black and green tea according to TLC and HPLC. Aqueous ethanol 50% was the best solvent for extraction of epicatechin from leaves of tea. Quantitative estimation of epicatechin by HPLC revealed that ethyl acetate fraction of DGTAE contains the higher concentration of epicatechin than other analyzed fractions. Conclusion, tea is an excellent source of catechins particularly epicatechin that possessed various pharmacological effects.
In this research, the efficiency of low-cost unmodified wool fibers were used to remove zinc ion from industrial wastewater. Removal of zinc ion was achieved at 99.52% by using simple wool column. The experiment was carried out under varying conditions of (2h) contact time, metal ion concentration (50mg/l), wool fibers quantity to treated water (70g/l), pH(7) & acid concentration (0.05M). The aim of this method is to use a high sensitive, available & cheep natural material which applied successfully for industrial wastewater& synthetic water, where zinc ion concentration was reduced from (14.6mg/l) to (0.07mg/l) & consequently the hazardous effect of contamination was minimized.
Let A ⊆ V(H) of any graph H, every node w of H be labeled using a set of numbers; , where d(w,v) denotes the distance between node w and the node v in H, known as its open A-distance pattern. A graph H is known as the open distance-pattern uniform (odpu)-graph, if there is a nonempty subset A ⊆V(H) together with is the same for all . Here is known as the open distance pattern uniform (odpu-) labeling of the graph H and A is known as an odpu-set of H. The minimum cardinality of vertices in any odpu-set of H, if it exists, will be known as the odpu-number of the graph H. This article gives a characterization of maximal outerplanar-odpu graphs. Also, it establishes that the possible odpu-number of an odpu-maximal outerplanar graph i
... Show MoreThe moisture sorption isotherms of Mefenamic acid tablets were investigated by measuring the experimental equilibrium moisture content (EMC) using the static method of saturated salt solutions at three temperatures (25, 35, and 45°C) and water activity range from 0.056 to 0.8434. The results showed that EMC increased when relative humidity increased and the sorption capacity decreased, the tablets became less hygroscopic and more stable when the temperature increased at constant water activity. The sorption curves had a sigmoid shape, type II according to Brunauer’s classification. The hysteresis effect was significant along with the whole sorption process. The results were fitted to three models: Oswin, Smith, and Guggen
... Show MoreIn this article, we will present a quasi-contraction mapping approach for D iteration, and we will prove that this iteration with modified SP iteration has the same convergence rate. At the other hand, we prove that the D iteration approach for quasi-contraction maps is faster than certain current leading iteration methods such as, Mann and Ishikawa. We are giving a numerical example, too.
Some new mono isoimides of asymmetrical pyromillitdiimide derived from pyromellitic dianhydride were synthesized and studied by their melting points, FTIR, and 1HNMR spectroscopy and CHN analysis (for some of them) and it was proved that the mechanism of the formation of these isoimides followed, the mechanism suggested by Cotter et al. by using N, N─-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as dehydrating agent, in spite of the groups attached to the phenyl moiety as mentioned in literatures.
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated containing host molecule of conjugated polymer MEH-PPV poly (2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenlenevinylene) which was dissolved in chloroform solvent and doped with guest molecules MWCNTs that were dissolved in DMF solvent with different volume ratios 0.05 and 0.15, nanocomposite system which acts as active layer in OLEDs device. The Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly-(styrenesulfonate) "PEDOT:PSS" and Tris98-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum "Alq3" as hole transport layer HTL and electron transport layer ETL were used respectively, to enhanced the injection charge from the electrodes to the active layer. Spin coating method used for achieving facile and low cost OLED. The absorption s
... Show MoreAim: To evaluate the side effects of Tamsulosin hydrochloride in fertility of experimental rats. Materials and methods: three groups of mice were used. First and second groups were injected [intraperitoneal (I.P.)] daily for 42 with 8 and 16 µg /kg mouse body weight (kg.b.wt) of Tamsulosin hydrochloride, respectively. Third group was injected with PBS (control). Several biological and histopathological studies were conducted on rat groups. Results: Significant decrease in number, motility and viability of epididymal sperm post injection with 16 µg /kg.b.wt, while injection with 8 µg /kg.b.wt reduced significantly, percentage of viability of sperm as compared with the control group. High percentage of abnormal sperm was observed in mice t
... Show MoreMoisture damage is one of the most significant troubles that destroy asphaltic pavement and reduces road serviceability. Recently, academics have noticed a trend to utilize fibers to enhance the efficiency of asphalt pavement. This research explores the effect of low-cost ceramic fiber, which has high tensile strength and a very high thermal insulation coefficient, on the asphalt mixture's characteristics by adding three different proportions (0.75%, 1.5%, and 2.25%). The Marshall test and the Tensile Strength Ratio Test (TSR) were utilized to describe the impact of ceramic fiber on the characteristics of Marshall and the moisture susceptibility of the hot mix asphalt mixture. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microsc
... Show MoreThe research aims to study the effect of an increase in funding the Equity by issuing new common shares on revenues ordinary shares, despite the issuance and marketing costs and the introduction of new shareholders that companies incur when issuing new common shares but it is the most important methods used to finance the Equity is funding the common shares it provides money sufficient to finance the large investments of the company and enhance the confidence of dealers with the company, so I designed this research in order to identify the impact of increased funding Equity issue new common shares to common shares revenues.
This research has included some of the theoretical concepts to each of the Equity
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