Forward osmosis (FO) process was applied to concentrate the orange juice. FO relies on the driving force generating from osmotic pressure difference that result from concentration difference between the draw solution (DS) and orange juice as feed solution (FS). This driving force makes the water to transport from orange juice across a semi-permeable membrane to the DS without any energy applied. Thermal and pressure-driven dewatering methods are widely used, but they are prohibitively energy intensive and hence, expensive. Effects of various operating conditions on flux have been investigated. Four types of salts were used in the DS, (NaCl, CaCl2, KCl, and MgSO4) as osmotic agent and the experiments were performed at the concentration of

The thermal method was used to produce silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO-11) with different amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNT). XRD, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, SEM, AFM, and FTIR were used to characterize the prepared catalyst. It was discovered that adding CNT increased the crystallinity of the synthesize SAPO-11 at all the temperatures which studied, wile the maximum surface area was 179.54 m2/g obtained at 190°C with 7.5 percent of CNT with a pore volume of 0.317 cm3/g ,and with nano-particles with average particle diameter of 24.8 nm, while the final molar composition of the prepared SAPO-11 was (Al2O3:0.93P2O5:0.414SiO2).

Indirect electrochemical oxidation of phenol and its derivatives was investigated by using MnO₂ rotating cylinder electrode. Taguchi experimental design method was employed to find the best conditions for the removal efficiency of phenol and its derivatives generated during the process. Two main parameters were investigated, current density (C.D.) and electrolysis time. The removal efficiency was considered as a response for the phenol and other organics removal. An orthogonal array L₁₆, the signal to noise (S/N) ratio, and the analysis of variance were used to test the effect of designated process factors and their levels on the performance of phenol and other organics removal efficiency. The results showed that th

Many strains of lactic bacteria produce antimicrobial peptides of bacteriocins that are antibiotics used against pathogenic strains. The present work aimed to use a banana peels medium in the fermentation process to replace the commercial MRS medium for decreasing the cost of bacteriocins LAB production. Based on the result, banana peel was a cost-effective and viable alternative carbon source for the production and development of bacteriocin-producing Lactobacilli. The growth of lactobacilli in commercial MRS medium and Banana Peel medium showed no differences, therefore banana peel waste can be used to produce Lactobacilli bacteriocins. Lactobacillus strains grew exceptionally well at 37 C and pH 6.0.

In this research, an analysis for the standard Hueckel edge detection algorithm behaviour by using three dimensional representations for the edge goodness criterion is presents after applying it on a real high texture satellite image, where the edge goodness criterion is analysis statistically. The Hueckel edge detection algorithm showed a forward exponential relationship between the execution time with the used disk radius. Hueckel restrictions that mentioned in his papers are adopted in this research. A discussion for the resultant edge shape and malformation is presented, since this is the first practical study of applying Hueckel edge detection algorithm on a real high texture image containing ramp edges (satellite image).

In this study, the adsorption of Zn (NO3)2 is carried out by using surfaces of malvaparviflora. The validity of the adsorption is evaluated by using atomic absorption Spectrophotometry through determination the amount of adsorbed Zn (NO3)2. Various parameters such as PH, adsorbent weight and contact time are studied in terms of their effect on the reaction progress. Furthermore, Lagergren’s equation is used to determine adsorption kinetics. It is observed that high removal of Zn (NO3)2 is obtained at PH=2. High removal of Zn (NO3)2 is at the time equivalent of 60 min and reaches equilibrium,where 0.25gm is the best weight of adsorbant . For kinetics the reaction onto malvaparviflora follows pseudo first order Lagergren’s equation.

In the present work theoretical relations are derived for the efficiency evaluation for the generation of the third and the fourth harmonics u$ing crystal cascading configuration. These relations can be applied to a wide class of nonlinear optical materials. Calculations are made for beta barium borate (BBO) crystal with ruby laser /.=694.3 nm . The case study involves producing the third harmonics at X. =231.4 nm of the fundamental beam. The formula of efficiency involves many parameters, which can be changed to enhance the efficiency. The results showed that the behavior of the efficiency is not linear with the crystal length. It is found that the efficiency increases when the input power increases. 'I'he walk-off length is calculated for