A localized stenosis or aneurysm is a discontinuity that presents the pulse wave produced by the contracting heart with a reflection site. However, neither wave speed ( c) in these discontinuities nor the size of reflection in relation to the size of the discontinuity has been adequately studied before. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the propagation of waves traversing flexible tubes in the presence of aneurysm and stenosis in vitro. We manufactured different sized four stenosis and four aneurysm silicone sections, connected one at a time to a flexible ‘mother’ tube, at the inlet of which a single semi-sinusoidal wave was generated. Pressure and velocity were measured simultaneously 25 cm downstream the inlet of th

The Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) process has become one of the most important processes to enhance oil recovery in both secondary and tertiary recovery stages and through immiscible and miscible modes.  Its advantages came from the ability to provide gravity-stable oil displacement for improving oil recovery, when compared with conventional gas injection methods such as Continuous Gas Injection (CGI) and Water – Alternative Gas (WAG). Vertical injectors for CO2   gas were placed at the top of the reservoir to form a gas cap which drives the oil towards the horizontal oil producing wells which are located above the oil-water-contact. The GAGD process was developed and tested in vertical wells to increase oil r

Increasing world demand for renewable energy resources as wind energy was one of the goals behind research optimization of energy production from wind farms. Wake is one of the important phenomena in this field. This paper focuses on understanding the effect of angle of attack (α) on wake characteristics behind single horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT). This was done by design three rotors different from each other in value of α used in the rotor design process. Values of α were (4.8˚,9.5˚,19˚). The numerical simulations were conducted using Ansys Workbench 19- Fluent code; the used turbulence model was (k-ω SST). The results showed that best value for extracted wind energy was at α=19˚, spread distance of wak

Photoacoustic is a unique imaging method that combines the absorption contrast of light or radio frequency waves with ultrasound resolution. When the deposition of this energy is sufficiently short, a thermo-elastic expansion takes place whereby acoustic waves are generated. These waves can be recorded and stored to construct an image. This work presents experimental procedure of laser photoacoustic two dimensional imaging to detect tumor embedded within normal tissue. The experimental work is accomplished using phantoms that are sandwiched from fish heart or blood sac (simulating a tumor) 1-14mm mean diameter embedded within chicken breast to simulate a real tissue. Nd: YAG laser of 1.064μm and 532nm wavelengths, 10ns pulse duration, 4

Joint dysfunction disables are impacting millions of individuals worldwide. It significantly interferes with essential daily tasks like eating, drinking, and writing, often making self-care challenging for those affected. Exoskeleton robots are developed to enable individuals with impaired physical functions to perform daily activities and maintain independence. This study introduces a wearable exoskeleton control system for the elbow joint designed, providing an alternative assistive solution to traditional treatment methods. The elbow exoskeleton system used for therapy has nonlinearity and time-dependent parameters. To address these challenges, this work presents a sliding mode control (SMC) for tracking the path of an EES. To reduce the

Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) is a simple method and powerful technique to design a robust controller for nonlinear systems. It is an effective tool with acceptable performance. The major drawback is a classical Sliding Mode controller suffers from the chattering phenomenon which causes undesirable zigzag motion along the sliding surface. To overcome the snag of this classical approach, many methods were proposed and implemented. In this work, a Fuzzy controller was added to classical Sliding Mode controller in order to reduce the impact chattering problem. The new structure is called Sliding Mode Fuzzy controller (SMFC) which will also improve the properties and performance of the classical Sliding Mode control

B Saleem, H Alwan, L Khalid, Journal of Engineering, 2011 - Cited by 2

This paper compares between the direct and indirect georeferencing techniques in Photogrammetry bases on a simulation model. A flight plan is designed which consists of three strips with nine overlapped images for each strip by a (Canon 500D) digital camera with a resolution of 15 Mega Pixels.

The triangulation computations are carried out by using (ERDAS LPS) software, and the direct measurements are taken directly on the simulated model to substitute using GPS/INS in real case. Two computational tests have been implemented to evaluate the positional accuracy for the whole model and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) relating to (30) check points show that th

Thin films were prepared from poly Berrol way Ketrrukemaaih pole of platinum concentrations both Albaarol and salt in the electrolytic Alastontrel using positive effort of 7 volts on the pole and the electrical wiring of the membrane record