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Determination of Optimum Welding Parameters for FSW AA2024-T351
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Abstract

Friction stir welding is a relatively new joining process, which involves the joining of metals without fusion or filler materials. In this study, the effect of welding parameters on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys AA2024-T351 joints produced by FSW was investigated.

Different ranges of welding parameters, as input factors, such as welding speed (6 - 34 mm/min) and rotational speed (725 - 1235 rpm) were used to obtain their influences on the main responses, in terms of elongation, tensile strength, and maximum bending force. Experimental measurements of main responses were taken and analyzed using DESIGN EXPERT 8 experimental design software which was used to develop the response surface methodology (RSM) models. Mathematical model of responses, as functions of used welding conditions, were obtained and analyzed by ANOVA variance to verify the adequacy of these models. The resultant quadratic models showed that as the rotation speed or welding speed increases, the tensile strength and elongation of the joint firstly increase to a maximum value and then decrease more likely due to the occurrence of void defect. Increasing both welding speed and rotational speed leads to increase the maximum bending force firstly to a maximum value and then decreases. However, the welding speed was found more significant than rotational speed. A good agreement was found between the results of these models and optimization with the experimental ones with confidence level of 95%.

Keywords: Friction stir welding, DOE, RSM, Mechanical properties, Modeling and Optimization .

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Publication Date
Tue Jan 01 2013
Journal Name
Advances In Physics Theories And Applications
Adsorption Study of Symmetrical Schiff Base Ligand 4,4’-[hydrazine-1,2-diylidenebis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene) bis (2-methoxyphenol)] on Granulated Initiated Calcined Iraqi Montmorillonite via Columnar Method.
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The adsorption ability of Iraqi initiated calcined granulated montmorillonite to adsorb Symmetrical Schiff Base Ligand 4,4’-[hydrazine-1, 2-diylidenebis (methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)) bis (2-methoxyphenol)] derived from condensation reaction of hydrazine hydrate and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, from aqueous solutions has been investigated through columnar method.The ligand (H2L) adsorption found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time.All columnar experiments were carried out at three different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions at flow rate of (3 drops/ min.),at room temperature (25±2)°C. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The monol

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Publication Date
Mon Jul 29 2024
Journal Name
Reviews In Inorganic Chemistry
Antituberculosis, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of Schiff base derived from 2,3-diaminophenazine moiety and its metal(II) complexes: structural elucidation, computational aspects, and biological evaluation
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Abstract<p>Enticed by the present scenario of infectious diseases, four new Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) complexes of Schiff base ligand were synthesized from 6,6′-((1E-1′E)(phenazine-2,3-dielbis(azanylidene)-bis-(methanylidene)-bis-(3-(diethylamino)phenol)) (<bold>H</bold> <sub> <bold>2</bold> </sub> <bold>L</bold>) to ascertain as effective drug for antituberculosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. The organic ligand and its metal(II) complexes were characterized by numerous physical and spectroscopic methods, which showed that the</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Wed Jan 23 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The Active Role of Admin strative Skills in Reinforcing Strategic Entrepreneur Ship Through Organizational Flexibility: دراسة استطلاعية لأراء عينة من الإدارات العليا والوسطى في المصارف العراقية الخاصة / بغداد
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The study has tackled three important variables on the strategic and organizational level, that are : (Administrative skill, strategic Entrepreneurship  and organizational flexibility). Through the statistical analysis is, the research hers have sought to identify the relation among them. The study has been applied on a sample of (44) private banks in Iraq. A questionnaire, which has been designed according to a number of international standards, has been used. It's made of (29) items that cover the three variables to test their hypotheses. A number of statistical tools have been used A number of conclusion have been reached and recommendations have also been suggested.

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Publication Date
Fri Aug 15 2025
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Activity and Antioxidant Studies of New Metal Ion Complexes Based on (E)-4-((benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenylpyrazolidin-3-one
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Publication Date
Sun Dec 31 2023
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
Imam Al-Mubarakpuri's Jurisprudential Choices (d.1353 AH) in the Borders from his book "Tuhfat Al-Ahwadi" with the explanation of "Jami' Al-Tirmidhi / a comparative jurisprudential study
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Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Master of Messengers and his family and companions.

The study of the jurisprudential opinions of scholars, their choices, or their weightings, sheds light on the approach they followed in their choices, and reveals the originality of the scholar or his influence on those who preceded him from among the scholars.

And the commentators of the noble hadith of the Prophet have their important contributions in this aspect, as they undertake the task of explaining the noble hadith, the second source of legislation

Contemporary commentators have their share in the service of the honorable hadith, and the statement of their choices and preferences, and am

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 01 2026
Journal Name
Rsc Advances
Green biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by <i>Ralstonia insidiosa</i> which demonstrate effectiveness against human cancer cells, <i>Candida</i> species and multidrug-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>
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Green biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles from Ralstonia insidiosa show potent activity against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii , pathogenic Candida spp. and human prostate cancer cells.

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 19 2024
Journal Name
Turkish Computational And Theoretical Chemistry
In-silico design, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulations, Molecular mechanics with generalised Born and surface area solvation study, and pharmacokinetic prediction of novel diclofenac as anti-inflammatory compounds
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The prostaglandins inside inflamed tissues are produced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), making it an important target for improving anti-inflammatory medications over a long period. Adverse effects have been related to the traditional usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of inflammation, mainly centered around gastrointestinal (GI) complications. The current research involves the creation of a virtual library of innovative molecules showing similar drug properties via a structure-based drug design. A library that includes five novel derivatives of Diclofenac was designed. Subsequently, molecular docking through the Glide module and determining the binding free energy implementing the P

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Publication Date
Fri Feb 17 2023
Journal Name
Al-rafidain Journal Of Medical Sciences ( Issn: 2789-3219 )
The Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Interleukins with Disease Severity or Response to Biological Therapy in Iraqi Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Narrative Review
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Background: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins play important roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Genetic research has been employed to find many of the missing connections between genetic risk variations and causal genetic components. Objective: The goal of this study is to look at the genetic variations of TNF-α and interleukins in Iraqi RA patients and see how they relate to disease severity or response to biological therapy. Method: Using specific keywords, the authors conducted a systematic and comprehensive search to identify relevant Iraqi studies examining the genetic variations of TNF-α and interleukins in Iraqi RA patients and how they relate to disease severity or response to biolo

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Publication Date
Fri Dec 07 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-issn 1683 - 3597 E-issn 2521 - 3512)
Effects of Aldosterone, Osteoprotegerin and Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 and Some Biochemical Markers in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients (Stage II-IV) among Patients with or without Cardiovascular Events
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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a public health problem and many studies support the link between kidney dysfunction and cardiovascular events.  Aldosterone has been shown for decades that a plasma aldosterone concentration is elevated in CKD. Whilst, Osteoprotegerin (OPG), after its capacity to protect bone, also osteoprotegerin is elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), where it could predict the deterioration of kidney function, cardiovascular, vascular events and all-cause mortality. On the other hand, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), in patients with CKD, its levels seem to increase progressively as kidney function worsens. The aim of the present study is to assess the correlations between serum osteoprotegerin

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Publication Date
Wed Aug 20 2025
Journal Name
International Journal Of Advanced Research In Computer Science
IMPROVE DATA ENCRYPTION BY USING DIFFIE-HELLMAN AND DNA ALGORITHMS, AUTHENTICATED BY HMAC-HASH256
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: The need for means of transmitting data in a confidential and secure manner has become one of the most important subjects in the world of communications. Therefore, the search began for what would achieve not only the confidentiality of information sent through means of communication, but also high speed of transmission and minimal energy consumption, Thus, the encryption technology using DNA was developed which fulfills all these requirements [1]. The system proposes to achieve high protection of data sent over the Internet by applying the following objectives: 1. The message is encrypted using one of the DNA methods with a key generated by the Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral algorithm, part of this key is secret and this makes the pro

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