Metal foam has recently been used in many engineering applications, such as solar collectors, heat exchangers, and cooling of electronic devices, which calls for studying different cases of using metal foam in these applications. The current study conducts a numerical analysis of heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics for air in a rectangular channel filled with high-porosity copper foam. The study examined the thermal performance for two cases of gradient pore density, which are arranged as (10-20-40) PPI and (40-20-10) PPI. These cases were compared with two other cases for constant pore density, 10 and 40 PPI, and empty cases. The ANSYS FLUENT 20.0 employed the Darcy-Forchheimer extended Brickman model in the two-dimensiona

Heat transfer performance of two horizontal parallel plates subjected to discrete heating from the upper plate is studied and analyzed under the condition of different gap size between the heating elements with water as the working fluid. The investigation includes the variation of Reynolds number and the heat flux along with the position of the heating elements to discover the effect of different boundary conditions on the gap size variation. Results show that gap size between the heating elements has a crucial impact on the heat transfer process inside the channel, when the gap size increased a remarkable enhancement is achieved. This result is also confirmed with the investigated range of Reynolds number and the heating value. Results al

This paper  deals  to how to estimate points non measured spatial data when the number of its terms (sample spatial) a few, that are not preferred for the estimation process, because we also know that whenever if the data is large, the estimation results of the points non measured to be better and thus the variance estimate less, so the idea of this paper is how to take advantage of the data other secondary (auxiliary), which have a strong correlation with the primary data (basic) to be estimated single points of non-measured, as well as measuring the variance estimate, has been the use of technique Co-kriging in this field to build predictions spatial estimation process, and then we applied this idea to real data in th

The estimation of the regular regression model requires several assumptions to be satisfied such as "linearity". One problem occurs by partitioning the regression curve into two (or more) parts and then joining them by threshold point(s). This situation is regarded as a linearity violation of regression. Therefore, the multiphase regression model is received increasing attention as an alternative approach which describes the changing of the behavior of the phenomenon through threshold point estimation. Maximum likelihood estimator "MLE" has been used in both model and threshold point estimations. However, MLE is not resistant against violations such as outliers' existence or in case of the heavy-tailed error distribution. The main goal of t

Mass transfer was examined at a stationary rectangular copper electrode (cathode) by using the reduction of cupric ions as the electrochemical reaction. The influence of electrolyte temperature (25, 45, and 65 ^oC), and cupric ions concentration (4, 8, and 12 mM) on mass transfer coefficient were investigated by using limiting current technique. The mass transfer coefficient and hence the Sherwood number was correlated as Sh =