The weakness of the central rule at the reign of Shah Sultan Hussain who is regarded as the last Shah who governed the Safawi state near to its falling at the hold of Afghan in 1722 which is the main and the real factor for the economic collapse. The tribes of trade have faced stealing and robbery actions which have been compressed to a very big extent. This action was not the responsibility of Shah alone,

الملخص: تعد عناصر اللياقة البدنية العمود الفقري للألعاب الرياضية وخصوصا في الالعاب الجماعية ومنها لعبة كرة القدم للصالات والتي تعد من الالعاب الرياضية التي تتطلب بذل جهود كبيرة خلال المنافسة نظرا لطبيعة الاداء الذي يمتاز بالقوة والسرعة طيلة شوطي المباراة وهذا يتطلب من اللاعب امتلاكه للياقة بدنية عالية تؤهله للإيفاء بهذه المتطلبات خلال المنافسة، لذا نجد المدربين يتبعون كافة الاساليب وطرائق التدريب في سب

تتطلب عملية التنمية الاقتصـادية في الدول النامية مبالغ كبيرة من رؤوس الأمـوال اللازمة لتنفيذ البرامج والخطط الاقتصادية، ولما كانت الاسـتثمارات التي تنفذها هذه الدول خلال حقبة معينة، تزيد على ما تم  تحقيقه من موارد مالية محلية، فلابد أنْ يمول الفرق من خلال انسياب صافٍ لرأس المال الأجنبي (قروض ومساعدات) إلى الداخل خلال المدة نفسها، لغـرض سَدّ الفجوة في المـوارد المحلية المعدة للاسـتثمار، وعانت بعض د

The past decades have witnessed a development in the concept of corporate governance and the transformation of a concept that is limited to large companies listed in capital markets in major economies to an issue that concerns all business activities in the public and private sectors in both large and small countries. The aim of this research is to propose a guide to the mechanisms and rules of governance in the municipal institutions that contributes to the activation of the internal control system to reduce the fraud and manipulation of this activity. Institutions. The research was based on the hypothesis that the implementation of the principles and rules of governance in municipal institutions lead to the contribution of the activati

The dispersion of supported Pt and Pt–Ir reforming catalysts have been studied, after treatment with oxidative and reducing atmosphere. Methylcyclohexane dehydrogenation reaction in the absence of hydrogen was used as a test reaction. An attempt was made to relate the behavior of the catalysts upon subject to reaction, to the dispersion of the same type of catalysts upon treatment with similar atmosphere and temperatures which appeared in literature. The total conversion of reaction can be explained by a change in metal dispersion. Thus, methylcyclohexane dehydrogenation reaction appears to be a really “structure sensitive” reaction.

      The toluene yield increases as the oxidation temperature i

 The researcher tried to show the importance of using environmental taxes as an effective economic factor for reducing contaminators resulting from cars exhausts, and presenting a suggested pattern for  environmental taxes as a nucleus and a starting point for a wider implementing of environmental taxes in Iraq.                                                                      &nbs