This study investigated a novel application of forward osmosis (FO) for oilfield produced water treatment from the East Baghdad oilfield affiliated to the Midland Oil Company (Iraq). FO is a part of a zero liquid discharge system that consists of oil skimming, coagulation/flocculation, forward osmosis, and crystallization. Treatment of oilfield produced water requires systems that use a sustainable driving force to treat high-ionic-strength wastewater and have the ability to separate a wide range of contaminants. The laboratory-scale system was used to evaluate the performance of a cellulose triacetate hollow fiber CTA-HF membrane for the FO process. In this work, sodium chloride solution was used as a feed solution (FS) with a concentration of 76 g/L, while the draw solution (DS) was magnesium chloride solution, and the applied external pressure on the feed solution side was 2 bar. The impact of batch mode with a constant DS concentration (or continuous mode) and batch mode with dilution draw solution concentration (240, 300, and 400 g/L) on the FO performance for oilfield produced water treatment were investigated on normalized flux, recovery, feed solution concentration, reverse salt flux, and rejection. The recovery and feed solution concentration increased with increasing draw solution concentration and time. While the normalized flux increased with increasing the draw solution concentration and decreased with time. The reverse salt flux of Mg2+ and the rejection of Na+ decreased with time. The produced water feed solution was concentrated to 220 g/L at DS concentration of 400 g/L MgCl2 in batch mode with a constant DS concentration after 16.5 h at which the recovery was 65.67%. The reverse salt flux of Mg2+ was 0.06 g/m2 h after 10 h, at which the rejection of Na+ reaches 99.84%.
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a simple high sensitivity vapor sensor for propanol ((CH3)2CHOH). A free space gap was employed in two arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to serve as the sensing mechanism by adding propanol volume (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1) ml and to set the phase reference with a physical spacing of (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2) mm. The propagation constant of transmitted light in the Mach-Zehnder interferometer’s gap changes due to the small variation in the refractive index inside sensing arm that will further shift the optical phase of the signal. Experimental results indicated that the highest sensitivity of propanol was about 0.0275 nm/ml in different liquid volume while highest phase shift was 0.182×103 i
... Show MoreBackground. In cases of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) with multiple intracranial aneurysms (MIAs) detected on angiography, some radiological clues assist in determining the site of a ruptured aneurysm which is bleeding is quite beneficial for the selection of the best treatment strategy. Case description. We report a case of a 60 years old patient who presented with spontaneous SAH, sellar hematoma, and three different aneurysms detected in angiography. Although the right Posterior communicating artery (PcomA) aneurysms showed Murphy’s teat on angiography intraoperatively, we discovered that the right superior hypophyseal aneurysm (SHA) was the source of the index bleeding. Both aneurysms were clipped successfully. Co
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The condition known as hypothyroidism is common in women, even in those who are fertile. The quantity and caliber of follicles present in the ovary at any one moment are known as the ovarian reserve. Individuals who are susceptible to a decreased ovarian reserve ought to have an assessment of their ovarian reserve conducted. The purpose of this research is to assess the impact of hypothyroidism on Iraqi women's ovarian reserve using Inhibin B hormone and hormone tests FSH, LH. There was no discernible variation in the average (±SD) age from (20 to 40) years of the patient group compared to the control group (p-value 0.08). However the mean BMI of the patients were statistically significantly different from the controls (P- value 0.006).Wom
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Urban agriculture is one of the important urban uses of land in cities since the inception of cities and civilizations, but the great expansion of cities in the world during the twentieth century and the beginning of the twentieth century and the increase in the number of urban residents compared to the rural population has led to a decline in this use in favor of other uses.
This decline in agricultural and green land areas in cities has negatively affected the environment, natural life and biological diversity in cities in addition to the great impact on the climate and the increase in temperatures and the negative impact on the economic side, since urban agriculture is an important pillar of the economy, especially
... Show MorePolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by anovulatory, infertility and metabolic disturbances. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG1) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activity as novel biomarkers for PCOS, as well as to explore the relationship between LRG1 and XO activity across different groups. A total of 150 married women, aged 18-46 years were enrolled and divided into three groups: 50 with PCOS under treatment, 50 PCOS without treatment conditions shared by women with polycystic ovary conditions, and 50 healthy women. Serum samples were analysed to measure LRG1, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity,
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Lead-acid batteries have been used increasingly in recent years in solar power systems, especially in homes and small businesses, due to their cheapness and advanced development in manufacturing them. However, these batteries have low voltages and low capacities, to increase voltage and capacities, they need to be connected in series and parallel. Whether they are connected in series or parallel, their voltages and capacities must be equal otherwise the quality of service will be degraded. The fact that these different voltages are inherent in their manufacturing, but these unbalanced voltages can be controlled. Using a switched capacitor is a method that was used in many methods for balancing voltages, but their respons
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The aerodynamic characteristics of the forward swept wing aircraft have been studied theoretically and an experimentally investigation for the wake field generated by this configuration have been carried out. Low order panel method with the Dirichlet boundary condition have been used to solve the case of the steady, inviscid and compressible flow. Two different panel method techniques have been employed: the source-doublet and the doublet method. The thickness for the various components was considered in the study. Prandtl-Glauert similarity rule has been used to account for the compressibility effects. Experimentally, a model was manufactured from wood with body length (290mm) and main wing span was (204mm). The primary objective of th
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