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RESHAPING THE WORLD, RETHINKING ACTORS: THE ROLE OF SUB-STATE ACTORS IN FOREIGN RELATIONS
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International relations scholars have increasingly debated the evolving landscape of actors that challenge the traditional state-centric world order. A key element of this transformation is the rise of sub-state actors, which engages in alternative diplomacy parallel to the state, transcending traditional state-centric frameworks. This paper explores the significant shifts in international actorness over the late 20th century, focusing on the emergence and implications of sub-state diplomacy, or "paradiplomacy." First, the study introduces sub-state actors and their role in challenging the dominant state-centric discourse. It then examines the dynamic evolution of paradiplomacy, highlighting how sub-states have expanded their global engagement, the opportunities this presents, and the potential threats it poses. Through a multi-scalar analysis, the paper critically assesses paradiplomacy's impact on long-held beliefs about regions, states, actors, and the international political system. Furthermore, the study shows how states can leverage their sub-national entities to deal with problems that threaten their sovereignty and global standing. The findings suggest that both the state and sub-state actors can engage in ambitious international activities, fostering greater global cooperation within the complexities of modern governance and competition.

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Publication Date
Mon Sep 01 2014
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Supervisory oversight role for the central bank to raise awareness of the banking supervisory: Applied Research in the Central Bank of Iraq and a sample of the Iraqi private banks
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Representing banking supervision An important function performed by the Iraqi Central Bank, in order to achieve stability in the financial and banking system, and safeguard the rights of depositors, investors and other targets, and to realize the Iraqi Central Bank banking supervision actors on banks, there must be an awareness of regulatory bank's existing control and subject them, as well as the role of banking oversight interested in spreading this awareness.
So sought search to find out the role played by the Iraqi Central Bank in raising awareness of the regulatory banking between the parties to the regulatory process, through the presentation and analysis of the legal framework for banking supervision and awareness supervisory

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 26 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The dimensions of Financial inclusion and its role in achieving competitive advantage: An exploratory research of the views of a sample of clients of the Algerian commercial Banks
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The research aims to identify the role of the dimensions of financial inclusion in achieving the competitive advantage by An exploratory research of the views of a sample of customers of the 20 Algerian commercial banks, And the relationship between its dimensions (Access dimension, Usage dimension, Quality) And competitive advantage. This research is based on the analytical descriptive approach. The questionnaire was adopted as a main tool in collecting data and information on the sample of 377.

The The research showed several results, the most important of which is a strong correlation between the dimensions of the three financial inclusion combined and the competitive advantage of the Algerian commercial banks, and explained t

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 30 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Pure And Applied Microbiology
Role of Adiponectin in Endoscopic Gastritis
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Publication Date
Tue Sep 28 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The Role of Binary Settings in John Updike’s Short Stories: A Structuralist Approach: مؤيد انوية ججو الجماني
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John Updike’s use of setting in his fiction has elicited different and even conflicting reactions from critics, varying from symbolic interpretations of setting to a sense of confusion at his use of time and place in his stories.  The present study is an attempt at examining John Updike’s treatment of binary settings in Pigeon Feathers and Other Stories (1962) to reveal theme, characters’ motives and conflicts.  Analyzing Updike’s stories from a structuralist’s perspective reveals his employment of two different places and times in the individual stories as a means of reflecting the psychological state of the characters, as in “The Persistence of Desire”, or expressing conflicting views on social and political is

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 27 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The role of accounting standards, audit and finances in control On agricultural activity to achieve sustainable development
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The agricultural activity has a great significance in the all four dimensions of sustainable development. Firstly, the economic dimension which it contributes with the GDP, as well as, it is considered as an important source to attract the investment. Secondly, the environmental dimension which also contributes with conserving of the biodiversity, combating the desertification, and increasing the farmlands. Thirdly, for its role in the social dimension to achieve the food security, to eradicate the poverty, and providing jobs. Fourthly, toward the institutional dimension as well it is considered as a source that allows all people to participate effectively, and to exchange of the local and universal experiences and perspectives. For conf

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Publication Date
Wed Sep 15 2021
Journal Name
Al-academy
Embossing technologies and their role in enhancing the aesthetic dimension of digital printing: رياض محسن حبيب الربيعي
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Publications are generally considered an effective visual artistic means that addresses the recipient (the audience), with the functional, aesthetic and expressive dimensions they carry that contribute to spreading a diverse cultural awareness, especially those publications that are concerned with their media, promotional and organizational performance, as well as specific cultural events at specific times, in pursuit Access to renewable and elaborate designs to achieve the functional and aesthetic purpose, as the completed design and construction process is subject to many variations, whether this diversity is intellectual or technical, internal or external, and all of them may overlap to obtain a comprehensive system of artistic format

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 01 2019
Journal Name
Dental Hypotheses
Possible Role of Statins on the Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients With Periodontal Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
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The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the possible role of statins on the inflammatory biomarkers in patients with periodontal disease (PD) This cross-sectional study involved 74 patients with PD and/or dyslipidemia divided into Group A: 34 patients with PD (nonstatins users); Group B: 40 patients with PD (statins users); and Group C: 30 healthy controls. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured . Blood pressure prolife and indices of PD were evaluated in each group. Statistical analysis was conducted by using SPSS version 20.0.

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Publication Date
Fri Mar 01 2024
Journal Name
الذكوات البيض
The problem of employing political discourse and its role in promoting community peace: Iraq as a model
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After 2003, Iraq witnessed new challenges represented by the predominance of sectarian discourses, hatred and extremism at the expense of moderate political discourse and the predominance of sub-affiliations and external agendas at the expense of national affiliation, which led to the creation of an unsafe or stable environment dominated by the character of violence and terrorism. Moderate discourse would work to fuse sub-affiliations into one melting pot in which it would be the first loyalty to the homeland and not to the tribe, party or sect... Etc., and this in turn will contribute to promoting peaceful coexistence between the various other sub-affiliations within the framework of one community construction

Publication Date
Tue Jul 15 2025
Journal Name
Smart Innovation, Systems And Technologies
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Translation and Cultural Diversity with Reference English and Arabic Translation
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With the spread of globalization, the need for translators and scholars has grown, as translation is the only process that helps bridge linguistic gaps. Following the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), a strong competitor has arisen to the translators, sweeping through all scientific and professional fields, including translation sector, with a set of tools that aid in the translation process. The current study aims to investigate the capability of AI tools in translating texts rich in cultural variety from one language to another, specifically focusing on English-Arabic translations, through qualitative analysis to uncover cultural elements in the target language and determine the ability of AI tools to preserve, lose, or alter the

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 01 2025
Journal Name
Jourenal Of Food Science And Technology (iran)
The role of NLRP3 Inflammsome in Cardiovascular Disease progression: Integrating food science and technology for therapeutic advancements
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